张老师在上《纤维艺术》课时，由于学校无法提供材料，因此他在课前收集了废旧的衣裤、麻袋、报纸等多种材料，让学生认识到废物利用的价值，开拓了思路，创作了多件创意十足的纤维艺术作品。这种教学体现的是（  ）。

皮亚杰认为儿童的道德认知发展趋势是从无律阶段、他律阶段到()

货币衍生工具不包括（  ）。

内痔好发于截石位(   )

混凝土集料试验时，若有（  ）项以上试验结果不符合规定，则判定该批次产品不合格。

手术室浸泡存放无菌持物钳的更换时间是（     ）

关于重力式挡土墙施工要求的说法，正确的是（  ）。

周期麻醉药的作用机制是

桥梁长度是指(    )。*

Passage1

In many of the developing countries in Africaand Asia, the population is growing fast. The reason for this is simple: Womenin these countries have a high birth rate - from 3.0 to 7.0 children per woman.The majority of these women are poor, without the food or resources to care fortheir families. Why do they have so many children? Why don't they limit thesize of their families? The answer may be that they often have no choice. Thereare several reasons for this.

Onereason is economi

In atraditional agricultural economy, large families are helpful. Having morechildren means having more workers in the fields and someone to take care ofthe parents in old age. In an industrial economy, the situation is different.Many children, do not help a family; instead, they are an expense. Thus,industrialization has generally brought down the birth rate. This was the casein Italy, which was industrialized quite recently and rapidly. In the earlypart of the twentieth century, Italy was a poor, largely agricultural countrywith a high birth rate. After World WarⅡ, Italy's economy was rapidly modernized and industrialize

By theend of the century, the birth rate had dropped to 1. 3 children per woman, theworld's lowest.

However,the economy is not the only important factor that influences birth rate. SaudiArabia, for example, does not have an agriculture-based economy, and it has oneof the highest per capita incomes in the worl

Nevertheless,it also has a very high birth rate. Mexico and Indonesia, on the other hand,are poor countries, with largely agricultural economies, but they have recentlyreduced their population growth.

Clearly,other factors are involve

Themost important of these is the condition of women. A high birth rate almostalways goes together with lack of education and low status for women. Thiswould explain the high birth rate of Saudi Arabia. There, the traditionalculture gives women little education or independence and few possibilitiesoutside the home. On the other hand, the improved condition of women in Mexico,Thailand, and Indonesia explains the decline in birth rates in these countries.Their governments have taken measures to provide more education andopportunities for women.

Anotherkey factor in the birth rate is birth control. Women may want to limit theirfamilies but have no way to do so. In countries where governments have madebirth control easily available and inexpensive, birth rates have gone down.This is the case in Singapore, Sri Lanka, and India, as well as in Indonesia,Thailand, Mexico, and Brazil. In these countries, women have also been providedwith health care and help in planning their families.

Thesetrends show that an effective program to reduce population growth does not haveto depend on better economic conditions.3 It can be effective if it aims tohelp women and meet their needs. Only then, in fact, does it have any realchance of success.       (495 words)

In a traditional agricultural economy, a large family_______.

巨大脾脏常见于