某女，53 岁。症见脘腹胀满、嗳腐吞酸、不欲饮食。医师诊断为食积停滞，处以保和丸 (水丸)。该水丸的处方组成：焦山楂 300g、六神曲 (炒) 100g、半夏 (制) 100g 、茯苓 100 g、陈皮 50 g、连翘 50g、炒莱菔子 50g、炒麦芽 50g。制法：以上八味，粉碎成细粉，过筛，混匀，用水泛丸，干燥，即得。

处方中陈皮所含橙皮苷是保和丸的含量测定成分，其化学结构类型为（      ）

明确疾病的诊断和药物的性能，选择治本或标本兼治的药物符合(   )

某男，50岁。半年前被确诊为肾结石、慢性肾炎、前列腺增生症。症见腰腹疼痛、排尿不畅，时常伴有血尿。经碎石诊治后，为巩固疗效且节省煎药时间，患者要求服用中成药。医师遂处以排石颗粒，以巩固病情。一年后患者再请中医诊治。诉云：服用上药两个月，血尿已止，尿蛋白也减轻，余症均得以缓解，但是偶尔会有腰膝酸软、足踝肿；之后，遂停药；近日因老朋友聚会小酌几杯，又见尿频、尿急、尿痛、尿线细，并伴小腹拘急疼痛。证属肾气不足、湿热瘀阻。宜选用的中成药是（ ）

苔黑而滑润多见于

()是指学生在学习新知识时，那些促进或妨碍学习的个人生理、心理发展的水平和特点。

低血容量休克的治疗中描述错误的是（    ）。

Passage 2

Several research teams have found that newborns prefer their mothers' voices over those of other people. Now a team of scientists has gone an intriguing step further: they have found that newborns cry in their native language."We have provided evidence that language begins with the very first cry melodies,"says Kathleen Wermke of the University of Wirzburg, Germany, who led the research.

"The dramatic finding of this study is that not only are newborns capable of producing different cry melodies, but they prefer to produce those melody patterns that are typical for the ambient language they have heard during their fetal life, within the last trimester,"said Wermke."Contraryto orthodox interpretations, these data support the importance of human infants' crying for seeding language development."

It had been thought that babies' cries are constrained by their breathing patterns and respiratory apparatus, in which case a crying baby would sound like a crying baby no matter what the culture is, since babies are anatomically identical."The prevailing opinion used to be that newborns could not actively influence their production of sound,"says Wermke. This study refutes that claim: since babies cry in different languages, they must have some control(presumably unconscious) over what they sound like rather than being constrained by the acoustical properties of their lungs, throat, mouth, and larynx. If respiration alone dictated what a cry sounded like, all babies would cry with a falling-pitch pattern, since that's what happens as you run out of breath and air pressure on the throat's sound-making machinery decreases. French babies apparently didn't get that memo."German and French infants produce different types of cries, even though they share the same physiology,"the scientists point out."The French newborns produce ' nonphysiological' rising patterns,"showing that the sound of their cries is under their control.

Although phonemes-speech sounds such as "ki"or"sh"-don't cross the abdominal barrier and reach the fetus, so-called prosodic characteristics of speech do. These are the variations in pitch, rhythm, and intensity that characterize each language. Just as newborns remember and prefer actualsongs that they heard in utero, it seems, so they remember and prefer both the sound of Mom's voice and the melodic signature of her language.

The idea of the study wasn't to make the sound of a screaming baby more interesting to listeners-good luck with that-but to explore how babies acquire speech. That acquisition, it is now clear, begins months before birth, probably in the third trimester. Newborns "not only have memorized the main intonation patterns of their respective surrounding language but are also able to reproduce these patterns in their own [ sound] production,"conclude the scientists. Newborns'"cries are already tuned toward their native language", giving them a head start on sounding French or German (or, presumably, English or American or Chinese or anything else: the scientists are collecting cries from more languages). This is likely part of the explanation for how babies develop spoken language quickly and seemingly without effort. Sure, we may come into the world wired for language(thank you, Noam Chomsky), but we also benefit from the environmental exposure that tells us which language.

Until this study, scientists thought that babies became capable of vocal imitation no earlier than12 weeks of age. That's when infants listening to an adult speaker producing vowels can parrot the sound. But that's the beginning of true speech. It's sort of amazing that it took this long for scientists to realize that if they want to see what sounds babies can perceive, remember, and play back, they should look at the sound babies produce best. So let the little angel cry: she's practicing to acquire language.

Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word "ambient"in Paragraph 2?

（  ）是党执政的最大底气，也是党执政最深厚的根基。

教育活动的工具、载体及其应用被称为（　  ）。

小W是A市一家连锁药店的员工，拥有药学大专学历，今年是工作的第二个年头。全国执业药师资格考试报名马上就要开始，他也想参加今年的执业药师考试。小W是否能够参加今年的执业药师资格考试（    ）

适合于局部给药治疗泌尿生殖道萎缩症状的治疗方法是