索绪尔在《普通语言学教程》中提出如下观点：系统性只存在于共时语言学中，不存在于历时语言学中。请你结合语言事实淡淡对这种观点的认识。[北京师范大学]

文献法

中国各政党的党章是具有法律效力的党法，可以在其中设定诸如“双规”之类限制党员人身自由等的法律制裁措施。（）

简述五四时期新闻学的发轫。

情境一：
一天晩上，莉莉和妈妈散步时，有下列对话：
妈妈：月亮在动还是不动?
莉莉：我们动它就动。
妈妈：是什么使它动起来的呢?
莉莉：是我们。
妈妈：我们怎么使它动起来的呢?
莉莉：我们走路的时候它自己就走了。
情境二：
在幼儿园教学区活动中，老师给莉莉出示两排一样多的纽扣，莉莉认为一一对应排列的两排一样多。当老师把下面一排聚拢时，她就认为两排不一样多了……
(1)莉莉的行为表明她处于思维发展的什么阶段(2分)?举例说明这个阶段思维的主要特征及表现。(12分)
(2)幼儿这种思维特征对幼儿园教师的保教活动有什么启示?(6分)

四书五经（南开大学；北京外国语大学）

钳夹止血法 。

什么是利益相关者？企业加强利益相关者管理的原因是什么？企业管理外部利益相关者的四个步骤是什么？（中山大学2010年研）

汉语方言的差异性表现在语音、______、______等各个方面。其中______的差异最大。[南开大学]

主诉：患者，男性，30岁，2天来发热伴咽痛。
答题要求：请围绕以上主诉，口诉该患者现病史及相关病史应询问的内容。

设计任务：请阅读下面学生信息和语言素材，设计20分钟的英语阅读教学方案。教案没有固定格式，但须包含下列要点：
●teaching objectives
●teaching contents
●key and difficult points
●major steps and time allocation
●activities and justifications
教学时间：20分钟
学生概况：某城镇普通高中二年级（第一学期）学生，班级人数40人，多数学生已经达到《普通高中英语课程标准（实验）》七级水平。学生课堂参与积极性一般。
语言素材：
Business Motorola set out a special training plan programme for children last week with the aim of developing children's business skills and preparing them for a future as entrepreneurs.
Eighty-seven children aged between 12 and 16 from Beijing and Tianjin attended the one-week training programme called Youth Discovery directed by Motorola University's(MU) instructors and marketing specialists. The children learned about dealing with a practical problem-marketing and worked out a marketing plan by themselves. Last week 26 children of Motorola employees in Tianjin completed their training in the MU-Tianjin Learning Center.
Through the training programme, children learnt how to get information through different kinds of sources, determine end-user needs, make up messages of value to customers, and communicate using various means and equipment.
Educators acted only as team directors, providing children to discover their own answers. The  children gave their solutions to Motorola's management and their parents on the last day of the programme.
The children, most of whom were primary and middle school students, presented themselves freely. The students said that they preferred the open and practical way of learning.
Youth Discovery, started by Motorola's former president Robert Galvin, designed and carried out by Motorola University, aimed to bring the talents of young people into full play and encouraged them to discover how their skills can contribute to a team to help it reach an aim.