应得客最新考试题

Passage 2Several research teams have found that newborns prefer their mothers' voices over those of other people. Now a team of scientists has gone an intriguing step further: they have found that newborns cry in their native language."We have provided evidence that language begins with the very first cry melodies,"says Kathleen Wermke of the University of Wirzburg, Germany, who led the research."The dramatic finding of this study is that not only are newborns capable of producing different cry melodies, but they prefer to produce those melody patterns that are typical for the ambient language they have heard during their fetal life, within the last trimester,"said Wermke."Contraryto orthodox interpretations, these data support the importance of human infants' crying for seeding language development."It had been thought that babies' cries are constrained by their breathing patterns and respiratory apparatus, in which case a crying baby would sound like a crying baby no matter what the culture is, since babies are anatomically identical."The prevailing opinion used to be that newborns could not actively influence their production of sound,"says Wermke. This study refutes that claim: since babies cry in different languages, they must have some control(presumably unconscious) over what they sound like rather than being constrained by the acoustical properties of their lungs, throat, mouth, and larynx. If respiration alone dictated what a cry sounded like, all babies would cry with a falling-pitch pattern, since that's what happens as you run out of breath and air pressure on the throat's sound-making machinery decreases. French babies apparently didn't get that memo."German and French infants produce different types of cries, even though they share the same physiology,"the scientists point out."The French newborns produce ' nonphysiological' rising patterns,"showing that the sound of their cries is under their control.Although phonemes-speech sounds such as "ki"or"sh"-don't cross the abdominal barrier and reach the fetus, so-called prosodic characteristics of speech do. These are the variations in pitch, rhythm, and intensity that characterize each language. Just as newborns remember and prefer actualsongs that they heard in utero, it seems, so they remember and prefer both the sound of Mom's voice and the melodic signature of her language.The idea of the study wasn't to make the sound of a screaming baby more interesting to listeners-good luck with that-but to explore how babies acquire speech. That acquisition, it is now clear, begins months before birth, probably in the third trimester. Newborns "not only have memorized the main intonation patterns of their respective surrounding language but are also able to reproduce these patterns in their own [ sound] production,"conclude the scientists. Newborns'"cries are already tuned toward their native language", giving them a head start on sounding French or German (or, presumably, English or American or Chinese or anything else: the scientists are collecting cries from more languages). This is likely part of the explanation for how babies develop spoken language quickly and seemingly without effort. Sure, we may come into the world wired for language(thank you, Noam Chomsky), but we also benefit from the environmental exposure that tells us which language.Until this study, scientists thought that babies became capable of vocal imitation no earlier than12 weeks of age. That's when infants listening to an adult speaker producing vowels can parrot the sound. But that's the beginning of true speech. It's sort of amazing that it took this long for scientists to realize that if they want to see what sounds babies can perceive, remember, and play back, they should look at the sound babies produce best. So let the little angel cry: she's practicing to acquire language.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word "ambient"in Paragraph 2?

Passage 2Several research teams have found that newborns prefer their mothers' voices over those of other people. Now a team of scientists has gone an intriguing step further: they have found that newborns cry in their native language."We have provided evidence that language begins with the very first cry melodies,"says Kathleen Wermke of the University of Wirzburg, Germany, who led the research."The dramatic finding of this study is that not only are newborns capable of producing different cry melodies, but they prefer to produce those melody patterns that are typical for the ambient language they have heard during their fetal life, within the last trimester,"said Wermke."Contraryto orthodox interpretations, these data support the importance of human infants' crying for seeding language development."It had been thought that babies' cries are constrained by their breathing patterns and respiratory apparatus, in which case a crying baby would sound like a crying baby no matter what the culture is, since babies are anatomically identical."The prevailing opinion used to be that newborns could not actively influence their production of sound,"says Wermke. This study refutes that claim: since babies cry in different languages, they must have some control(presumably unconscious) over what they sound like rather than being constrained by the acoustical properties of their lungs, throat, mouth, and larynx. If respiration alone dictated what a cry sounded like, all babies would cry with a falling-pitch pattern, since that's what happens as you run out of breath and air pressure on the throat's sound-making machinery decreases. French babies apparently didn't get that memo."German and French infants produce different types of cries, even though they share the same physiology,"the scientists point out."The French newborns produce ' nonphysiological' rising patterns,"showing that the sound of their cries is under their control.Although phonemes-speech sounds such as "ki"or"sh"-don't cross the abdominal barrier and reach the fetus, so-called prosodic characteristics of speech do. These are the variations in pitch, rhythm, and intensity that characterize each language. Just as newborns remember and prefer actualsongs that they heard in utero, it seems, so they remember and prefer both the sound of Mom's voice and the melodic signature of her language.The idea of the study wasn't to make the sound of a screaming baby more interesting to listeners-good luck with that-but to explore how babies acquire speech. That acquisition, it is now clear, begins months before birth, probably in the third trimester. Newborns "not only have memorized the main intonation patterns of their respective surrounding language but are also able to reproduce these patterns in their own [ sound] production,"conclude the scientists. Newborns'"cries are already tuned toward their native language", giving them a head start on sounding French or German (or, presumably, English or American or Chinese or anything else: the scientists are collecting cries from more languages). This is likely part of the explanation for how babies develop spoken language quickly and seemingly without effort. Sure, we may come into the world wired for language(thank you, Noam Chomsky), but we also benefit from the environmental exposure that tells us which language.Until this study, scientists thought that babies became capable of vocal imitation no earlier than12 weeks of age. That's when infants listening to an adult speaker producing vowels can parrot the sound. But that's the beginning of true speech. It's sort of amazing that it took this long for scientists to realize that if they want to see what sounds babies can perceive, remember, and play back, they should look at the sound babies produce best. So let the little angel cry: she's practicing to acquire language.When does language acquisition begin according to the research?

Passage 2Several research teams have found that newborns prefer their mothers' voices over those of other people. Now a team of scientists has gone an intriguing step further: they have found that newborns cry in their native language."We have provided evidence that language begins with the very first cry melodies,"says Kathleen Wermke of the University of Wirzburg, Germany, who led the research."The dramatic finding of this study is that not only are newborns capable of producing different cry melodies, but they prefer to produce those melody patterns that are typical for the ambient language they have heard during their fetal life, within the last trimester,"said Wermke."Contraryto orthodox interpretations, these data support the importance of human infants' crying for seeding language development."It had been thought that babies' cries are constrained by their breathing patterns and respiratory apparatus, in which case a crying baby would sound like a crying baby no matter what the culture is, since babies are anatomically identical."The prevailing opinion used to be that newborns could not actively influence their production of sound,"says Wermke. This study refutes that claim: since babies cry in different languages, they must have some control(presumably unconscious) over what they sound like rather than being constrained by the acoustical properties of their lungs, throat, mouth, and larynx. If respiration alone dictated what a cry sounded like, all babies would cry with a falling-pitch pattern, since that's what happens as you run out of breath and air pressure on the throat's sound-making machinery decreases. French babies apparently didn't get that memo."German and French infants produce different types of cries, even though they share the same physiology,"the scientists point out."The French newborns produce ' nonphysiological' rising patterns,"showing that the sound of their cries is under their control.Although phonemes-speech sounds such as "ki"or"sh"-don't cross the abdominal barrier and reach the fetus, so-called prosodic characteristics of speech do. These are the variations in pitch, rhythm, and intensity that characterize each language. Just as newborns remember and prefer actualsongs that they heard in utero, it seems, so they remember and prefer both the sound of Mom's voice and the melodic signature of her language.The idea of the study wasn't to make the sound of a screaming baby more interesting to listeners-good luck with that-but to explore how babies acquire speech. That acquisition, it is now clear, begins months before birth, probably in the third trimester. Newborns "not only have memorized the main intonation patterns of their respective surrounding language but are also able to reproduce these patterns in their own [ sound] production,"conclude the scientists. Newborns'"cries are already tuned toward their native language", giving them a head start on sounding French or German (or, presumably, English or American or Chinese or anything else: the scientists are collecting cries from more languages). This is likely part of the explanation for how babies develop spoken language quickly and seemingly without effort. Sure, we may come into the world wired for language(thank you, Noam Chomsky), but we also benefit from the environmental exposure that tells us which language.Until this study, scientists thought that babies became capable of vocal imitation no earlier than12 weeks of age. That's when infants listening to an adult speaker producing vowels can parrot the sound. But that's the beginning of true speech. It's sort of amazing that it took this long for scientists to realize that if they want to see what sounds babies can perceive, remember, and play back, they should look at the sound babies produce best. So let the little angel cry: she's practicing to acquire language.Why do German and French babies produce different types of cries according to the research?

Passage 2Several research teams have found that newborns prefer their mothers' voices over those of other people. Now a team of scientists has gone an intriguing step further: they have found that newborns cry in their native language."We have provided evidence that language begins with the very first cry melodies,"says Kathleen Wermke of the University of Wirzburg, Germany, who led the research."The dramatic finding of this study is that not only are newborns capable of producing different cry melodies, but they prefer to produce those melody patterns that are typical for the ambient language they have heard during their fetal life, within the last trimester,"said Wermke."Contraryto orthodox interpretations, these data support the importance of human infants' crying for seeding language development."It had been thought that babies' cries are constrained by their breathing patterns and respiratory apparatus, in which case a crying baby would sound like a crying baby no matter what the culture is, since babies are anatomically identical."The prevailing opinion used to be that newborns could not actively influence their production of sound,"says Wermke. This study refutes that claim: since babies cry in different languages, they must have some control(presumably unconscious) over what they sound like rather than being constrained by the acoustical properties of their lungs, throat, mouth, and larynx. If respiration alone dictated what a cry sounded like, all babies would cry with a falling-pitch pattern, since that's what happens as you run out of breath and air pressure on the throat's sound-making machinery decreases. French babies apparently didn't get that memo."German and French infants produce different types of cries, even though they share the same physiology,"the scientists point out."The French newborns produce ' nonphysiological' rising patterns,"showing that the sound of their cries is under their control.Although phonemes-speech sounds such as "ki"or"sh"-don't cross the abdominal barrier and reach the fetus, so-called prosodic characteristics of speech do. These are the variations in pitch, rhythm, and intensity that characterize each language. Just as newborns remember and prefer actualsongs that they heard in utero, it seems, so they remember and prefer both the sound of Mom's voice and the melodic signature of her language.The idea of the study wasn't to make the sound of a screaming baby more interesting to listeners-good luck with that-but to explore how babies acquire speech. That acquisition, it is now clear, begins months before birth, probably in the third trimester. Newborns "not only have memorized the main intonation patterns of their respective surrounding language but are also able to reproduce these patterns in their own [ sound] production,"conclude the scientists. Newborns'"cries are already tuned toward their native language", giving them a head start on sounding French or German (or, presumably, English or American or Chinese or anything else: the scientists are collecting cries from more languages). This is likely part of the explanation for how babies develop spoken language quickly and seemingly without effort. Sure, we may come into the world wired for language(thank you, Noam Chomsky), but we also benefit from the environmental exposure that tells us which language.Until this study, scientists thought that babies became capable of vocal imitation no earlier than12 weeks of age. That's when infants listening to an adult speaker producing vowels can parrot the sound. But that's the beginning of true speech. It's sort of amazing that it took this long for scientists to realize that if they want to see what sounds babies can perceive, remember, and play back, they should look at the sound babies produce best. So let the little angel cry: she's practicing to acquire language.What can be inferred from the last paragraph？

Passage1When it comes to airline travel, perhaps nothing has revolutionized the passenger experience more than airline apps. Indeed, they' re becoming so ubiquitous that more than 50 percent of U.S travelers have at least one airline app installed on their smart device, according to travel industry research firm Phocuswright.Maybe that's because apps make travel easier, and often are more functional than a kiosk or even an airline's own website. Passengers report that they' re often more quickly informed of a flight cancellation or gate change than an airline employee. Not all airline apps are created equal, but in general you can use an app to check in for a flight, change seats, and request and pay for an upgrade. Road warriors in particular appreciate mobile boarding passes and the ability to track their flights. Many airlines now offer free onboard streaming entertainment via apps. The Delta Air Lines app even allows users to track their bags, from check-in to carousel, while the Air France app lets passengers download magazines and newspapers from the airline's library 30 hours prior to departure.But what if you are traveling extensively on more than one airline? Global airline alliances have their own apps that allow you to view flights for all member airlines and their affiliates, including code share flights. In general, you can find flight schedules for all member airlines and track member airline flights. Airport information is available, as are details about local weather at the destination. Where's the nearest airport lounge? The app will locate it for you.The Sky Team airline alliance app goes a step further by letting its SkyPriority members (Sky Team Elite Plus members and customers with first and business-class tickets) find out exactly which SkyPriority services-including priority check in and baggage drop off, as well as access to priority security lanes and boarding lanes-are available at individual airports.You' ll find that some alliance app features are available through multiple channels of communication. For example, Sky Team members have formed their own online community by sharing traveler tricks and airport tips accessible through a variety of channels, including the app, Sky Team's website, Facebook page and a dedicated tips site. Sky Team's YouTube page features travel tips from regional celebrities.Just as airlines seem to have conquered social media, another method of communicating with travelers has just arrived. KLM Royal Dutch Airlines is the first carrier to sign up for Facebook's Messenger chat app. KLM flyers can automatically receive itineraries, flight updates, check-in notifications, boarding passes and rebook flights and communicate with customer service, all from Facebook Messenger. Messenger for Business was launched so that customers-in this case, passengers-can transact business over the messaging app in a single communication thread. Roughly 80 percent of passengers on planes traveling within the U.S. have the Messenger app installed on their smartphones, according to Facebook.Clearly, mobile apps and social media have transformed our digital lives. Airlines favor apps and other technologies because they get customers out of airport lines and off phone lines. Through their smart devices, travelers now have untethered access to travel information. A few quick taps can supply individuals with information never dreamed possible even a decade ago. And with more people using smartphones as their primary computing device, and as more people own cellphones globally, people expect technology-driven methods of communication and convenience to accelerate. Whether you' re high-tech or not, you must admit that having immediate access to the information you need sure beats getting a busy signal on a toll-free phone line.Which of the following reflects what the author intends to convey?

Passage1When it comes to airline travel, perhaps nothing has revolutionized the passenger experience more than airline apps. Indeed, they' re becoming so ubiquitous that more than 50 percent of U.S travelers have at least one airline app installed on their smart device, according to travel industry research firm Phocuswright.Maybe that's because apps make travel easier, and often are more functional than a kiosk or even an airline's own website. Passengers report that they' re often more quickly informed of a flight cancellation or gate change than an airline employee. Not all airline apps are created equal, but in general you can use an app to check in for a flight, change seats, and request and pay for an upgrade. Road warriors in particular appreciate mobile boarding passes and the ability to track their flights. Many airlines now offer free onboard streaming entertainment via apps. The Delta Air Lines app even allows users to track their bags, from check-in to carousel, while the Air France app lets passengers download magazines and newspapers from the airline's library 30 hours prior to departure.But what if you are traveling extensively on more than one airline? Global airline alliances have their own apps that allow you to view flights for all member airlines and their affiliates, including code share flights. In general, you can find flight schedules for all member airlines and track member airline flights. Airport information is available, as are details about local weather at the destination. Where's the nearest airport lounge? The app will locate it for you.The Sky Team airline alliance app goes a step further by letting its SkyPriority members (Sky Team Elite Plus members and customers with first and business-class tickets) find out exactly which SkyPriority services-including priority check in and baggage drop off, as well as access to priority security lanes and boarding lanes-are available at individual airports.You' ll find that some alliance app features are available through multiple channels of communication. For example, Sky Team members have formed their own online community by sharing traveler tricks and airport tips accessible through a variety of channels, including the app, Sky Team's website, Facebook page and a dedicated tips site. Sky Team's YouTube page features travel tips from regional celebrities.Just as airlines seem to have conquered social media, another method of communicating with travelers has just arrived. KLM Royal Dutch Airlines is the first carrier to sign up for Facebook's Messenger chat app. KLM flyers can automatically receive itineraries, flight updates, check-in notifications, boarding passes and rebook flights and communicate with customer service, all from Facebook Messenger. Messenger for Business was launched so that customers-in this case, passengers-can transact business over the messaging app in a single communication thread. Roughly 80 percent of passengers on planes traveling within the U.S. have the Messenger app installed on their smartphones, according to Facebook.Clearly, mobile apps and social media have transformed our digital lives. Airlines favor apps and other technologies because they get customers out of airport lines and off phone lines. Through their smart devices, travelers now have untethered access to travel information. A few quick taps can supply individuals with information never dreamed possible even a decade ago. And with more people using smartphones as their primary computing device, and as more people own cellphones globally, people expect technology-driven methods of communication and convenience to accelerate. Whether you' re high-tech or not, you must admit that having immediate access to the information you need sure beats getting a busy signal on a toll-free phone line.According to this passage, which of the following apps provides priority services information for priority members?

Passage1When it comes to airline travel, perhaps nothing has revolutionized the passenger experience more than airline apps. Indeed, they' re becoming so ubiquitous that more than 50 percent of U.S travelers have at least one airline app installed on their smart device, according to travel industry research firm Phocuswright.Maybe that's because apps make travel easier, and often are more functional than a kiosk or even an airline's own website. Passengers report that they' re often more quickly informed of a flight cancellation or gate change than an airline employee. Not all airline apps are created equal, but in general you can use an app to check in for a flight, change seats, and request and pay for an upgrade. Road warriors in particular appreciate mobile boarding passes and the ability to track their flights. Many airlines now offer free onboard streaming entertainment via apps. The Delta Air Lines app even allows users to track their bags, from check-in to carousel, while the Air France app lets passengers download magazines and newspapers from the airline's library 30 hours prior to departure.But what if you are traveling extensively on more than one airline? Global airline alliances have their own apps that allow you to view flights for all member airlines and their affiliates, including code share flights. In general, you can find flight schedules for all member airlines and track member airline flights. Airport information is available, as are details about local weather at the destination. Where's the nearest airport lounge? The app will locate it for you.The Sky Team airline alliance app goes a step further by letting its SkyPriority members (Sky Team Elite Plus members and customers with first and business-class tickets) find out exactly which SkyPriority services-including priority check in and baggage drop off, as well as access to priority security lanes and boarding lanes-are available at individual airports.You' ll find that some alliance app features are available through multiple channels of communication. For example, Sky Team members have formed their own online community by sharing traveler tricks and airport tips accessible through a variety of channels, including the app, Sky Team's website, Facebook page and a dedicated tips site. Sky Team's YouTube page features travel tips from regional celebrities.Just as airlines seem to have conquered social media, another method of communicating with travelers has just arrived. KLM Royal Dutch Airlines is the first carrier to sign up for Facebook's Messenger chat app. KLM flyers can automatically receive itineraries, flight updates, check-in notifications, boarding passes and rebook flights and communicate with customer service, all from Facebook Messenger. Messenger for Business was launched so that customers-in this case, passengers-can transact business over the messaging app in a single communication thread. Roughly 80 percent of passengers on planes traveling within the U.S. have the Messenger app installed on their smartphones, according to Facebook.Clearly, mobile apps and social media have transformed our digital lives. Airlines favor apps and other technologies because they get customers out of airport lines and off phone lines. Through their smart devices, travelers now have untethered access to travel information. A few quick taps can supply individuals with information never dreamed possible even a decade ago. And with more people using smartphones as their primary computing device, and as more people own cellphones globally, people expect technology-driven methods of communication and convenience to accelerate. Whether you' re high-tech or not, you must admit that having immediate access to the information you need sure beats getting a busy signal on a toll-free phone line.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “untethered” in the last paragraph？

Passage1When it comes to airline travel, perhaps nothing has revolutionized the passenger experience more than airline apps. Indeed, they' re becoming so ubiquitous that more than 50 percent of U.S travelers have at least one airline app installed on their smart device, according to travel industry research firm Phocuswright.Maybe that's because apps make travel easier, and often are more functional than a kiosk or even an airline's own website. Passengers report that they' re often more quickly informed of a flight cancellation or gate change than an airline employee. Not all airline apps are created equal, but in general you can use an app to check in for a flight, change seats, and request and pay for an upgrade. Road warriors in particular appreciate mobile boarding passes and the ability to track their flights. Many airlines now offer free onboard streaming entertainment via apps. The Delta Air Lines app even allows users to track their bags, from check-in to carousel, while the Air France app lets passengers download magazines and newspapers from the airline's library 30 hours prior to departure.But what if you are traveling extensively on more than one airline? Global airline alliances have their own apps that allow you to view flights for all member airlines and their affiliates, including code share flights. In general, you can find flight schedules for all member airlines and track member airline flights. Airport information is available, as are details about local weather at the destination. Where's the nearest airport lounge? The app will locate it for you.The Sky Team airline alliance app goes a step further by letting its SkyPriority members (Sky Team Elite Plus members and customers with first and business-class tickets) find out exactly which SkyPriority services-including priority check in and baggage drop off, as well as access to priority security lanes and boarding lanes-are available at individual airports.You' ll find that some alliance app features are available through multiple channels of communication. For example, Sky Team members have formed their own online community by sharing traveler tricks and airport tips accessible through a variety of channels, including the app, Sky Team's website, Facebook page and a dedicated tips site. Sky Team's YouTube page features travel tips from regional celebrities.Just as airlines seem to have conquered social media, another method of communicating with travelers has just arrived. KLM Royal Dutch Airlines is the first carrier to sign up for Facebook's Messenger chat app. KLM flyers can automatically receive itineraries, flight updates, check-in notifications, boarding passes and rebook flights and communicate with customer service, all from Facebook Messenger. Messenger for Business was launched so that customers-in this case, passengers-can transact business over the messaging app in a single communication thread. Roughly 80 percent of passengers on planes traveling within the U.S. have the Messenger app installed on their smartphones, according to Facebook.Clearly, mobile apps and social media have transformed our digital lives. Airlines favor apps and other technologies because they get customers out of airport lines and off phone lines. Through their smart devices, travelers now have untethered access to travel information. A few quick taps can supply individuals with information never dreamed possible even a decade ago. And with more people using smartphones as their primary computing device, and as more people own cellphones globally, people expect technology-driven methods of communication and convenience to accelerate. Whether you' re high-tech or not, you must admit that having immediate access to the information you need sure beats getting a busy signal on a toll-free phone line.What makes mobile apps appealing to travelers according to the last paragraph？

Passage1When it comes to airline travel, perhaps nothing has revolutionized the passenger experience more than airline apps. Indeed, they' re becoming so ubiquitous that more than 50 percent of U.S travelers have at least one airline app installed on their smart device, according to travel industry research firm Phocuswright.Maybe that's because apps make travel easier, and often are more functional than a kiosk or even an airline's own website. Passengers report that they' re often more quickly informed of a flight cancellation or gate change than an airline employee. Not all airline apps are created equal, but in general you can use an app to check in for a flight, change seats, and request and pay for an upgrade. Road warriors in particular appreciate mobile boarding passes and the ability to track their flights. Many airlines now offer free onboard streaming entertainment via apps. The Delta Air Lines app even allows users to track their bags, from check-in to carousel, while the Air France app lets passengers download magazines and newspapers from the airline's library 30 hours prior to departure.But what if you are traveling extensively on more than one airline? Global airline alliances have their own apps that allow you to view flights for all member airlines and their affiliates, including code share flights. In general, you can find flight schedules for all member airlines and track member airline flights. Airport information is available, as are details about local weather at the destination. Where's the nearest airport lounge? The app will locate it for you.The Sky Team airline alliance app goes a step further by letting its SkyPriority members (Sky Team Elite Plus members and customers with first and business-class tickets) find out exactly which SkyPriority services-including priority check in and baggage drop off, as well as access to priority security lanes and boarding lanes-are available at individual airports.You' ll find that some alliance app features are available through multiple channels of communication. For example, Sky Team members have formed their own online community by sharing traveler tricks and airport tips accessible through a variety of channels, including the app, Sky Team's website, Facebook page and a dedicated tips site. Sky Team's YouTube page features travel tips from regional celebrities.Just as airlines seem to have conquered social media, another method of communicating with travelers has just arrived. KLM Royal Dutch Airlines is the first carrier to sign up for Facebook's Messenger chat app. KLM flyers can automatically receive itineraries, flight updates, check-in notifications, boarding passes and rebook flights and communicate with customer service, all from Facebook Messenger. Messenger for Business was launched so that customers-in this case, passengers-can transact business over the messaging app in a single communication thread. Roughly 80 percent of passengers on planes traveling within the U.S. have the Messenger app installed on their smartphones, according to Facebook.Clearly, mobile apps and social media have transformed our digital lives. Airlines favor apps and other technologies because they get customers out of airport lines and off phone lines. Through their smart devices, travelers now have untethered access to travel information. A few quick taps can supply individuals with information never dreamed possible even a decade ago. And with more people using smartphones as their primary computing device, and as more people own cellphones globally, people expect technology-driven methods of communication and convenience to accelerate. Whether you' re high-tech or not, you must admit that having immediate access to the information you need sure beats getting a busy signal on a toll-free phone line.Which word below best describes the author's stance？

Passage 2Everyone knows that English departments are in trouble, but you can't appreciate just how much trouble until you read the new report from the Modern Language Association. The report is about Ph.D. programs, which have been in decline since 2008. These programs have gotten both more difficult and less rewarding: today, it can take almost a decade to get a doctorate, and, at the end of your program, you' re unlikely to find a tenure-track job.The core of the problem is, of course, the job market. The M.L.A. report estimates that only sixty per cent of newly-minted Ph.D.s will find tenure-track jobs after graduation. If anything, that's wildly optimistic: the M.L.A. got to that figure by comparing the number of tenure-track jobs on its job list(around six hundred) with the number of new graduates(about a thousand). But that leaves out the thousands of unemployed graduates from past years who are still job-hunting-not to mention the older professors who didn't receive tenure, and who now find themselves competing with their former students. In all likelihood, the number of jobs per candidate is much smaller than the report suggests. That's why the mood is so dire-why even professors are starting to ask, in the committee's words, "Why maintain doctoral study in the modern languages and literatures-or the rest of the humanities-at all?"Those trends, in turn, are part of an even larger story having to do with the expansion and transformation of American education after the Second World War. Essentially, colleges grew less elite and more vocational. Before the war, relatively few people went to college. Then, in the nineteen-fifties, the G.I. Bill and, later, the Baby Boom pushed colleges to grow rapidly. When the boom ended, colleges found themselves overextended and competing for students. By the mid-seventies, schools were creating new programs designed to attract a broader range of students-for instance, women and minorities.Those reforms worked: as Nate Silver reported in the Times last summer, about twice as many people attend college per capita now as did forty years ago. But all that expansion changed colleges.In the past, they had catered to elite students who were happy to major in the traditional liberal arts. Now, to attract middle-class students, colleges had to offer more career-focused majors, in fields like business, communications, and health care. As a result, humanities departments have found themselves drifting away from the center of the university. Today, they are often regarded as a kind of institutional luxury, paid for by dynamic, cheap, and growing programs in, say, adult-education. These large demographic facts are contributing to today's job-market crisis: they' re why, while education as a whole is growing, the humanities aren't.Given all this, what can an English department do? The M.L.A. report contains a number of suggestions. Pride of place is given to the idea that grad school should be shorter: "Departments should design programs that can be completed in five years."That will probably require changing the dissertation from a draft of an academic book into something shorter and simpler. At the same time, graduate students are encouraged to "broaden" themselves: to "engage more deeply with technology"; to pursue unusual and imaginative dissertation projects; to work in more than one discipline; to acquire teaching skills aimed at online and community-college students; and to take workshops on subjects, such as project management and grant writing, which might be of value outside of academia. Graduate programs, the committee suggests, should accept the fact that many of their students will have non-tenured, or even non-academic, careers. They should keep track of what happens to their graduates, so that students who decide to leave academia have a non-academic alumni network to draw upon.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word "dire" in Paragraph 2?

Passage 2Everyone knows that English departments are in trouble, but you can't appreciate just how much trouble until you read the new report from the Modern Language Association. The report is about Ph.D. programs, which have been in decline since 2008. These programs have gotten both more difficult and less rewarding: today, it can take almost a decade to get a doctorate, and, at the end of your program, you' re unlikely to find a tenure-track job.The core of the problem is, of course, the job market. The M.L.A. report estimates that only sixty per cent of newly-minted Ph.D.s will find tenure-track jobs after graduation. If anything, that's wildly optimistic: the M.L.A. got to that figure by comparing the number of tenure-track jobs on its job list(around six hundred) with the number of new graduates(about a thousand). But that leaves out the thousands of unemployed graduates from past years who are still job-hunting-not to mention the older professors who didn't receive tenure, and who now find themselves competing with their former students. In all likelihood, the number of jobs per candidate is much smaller than the report suggests. That's why the mood is so dire-why even professors are starting to ask, in the committee's words, "Why maintain doctoral study in the modern languages and literatures-or the rest of the humanities-at all?"Those trends, in turn, are part of an even larger story having to do with the expansion and transformation of American education after the Second World War. Essentially, colleges grew less elite and more vocational. Before the war, relatively few people went to college. Then, in the nineteen-fifties, the G.I. Bill and, later, the Baby Boom pushed colleges to grow rapidly. When the boom ended, colleges found themselves overextended and competing for students. By the mid-seventies, schools were creating new programs designed to attract a broader range of students-for instance, women and minorities.Those reforms worked: as Nate Silver reported in the Times last summer, about twice as many people attend college per capita now as did forty years ago. But all that expansion changed colleges.In the past, they had catered to elite students who were happy to major in the traditional liberal arts. Now, to attract middle-class students, colleges had to offer more career-focused majors, in fields like business, communications, and health care. As a result, humanities departments have found themselves drifting away from the center of the university. Today, they are often regarded as a kind of institutional luxury, paid for by dynamic, cheap, and growing programs in, say, adult-education. These large demographic facts are contributing to today's job-market crisis: they' re why, while education as a whole is growing, the humanities aren't.Given all this, what can an English department do? The M.L.A. report contains a number of suggestions. Pride of place is given to the idea that grad school should be shorter: "Departments should design programs that can be completed in five years."That will probably require changing the dissertation from a draft of an academic book into something shorter and simpler. At the same time, graduate students are encouraged to "broaden" themselves: to "engage more deeply with technology"; to pursue unusual and imaginative dissertation projects; to work in more than one discipline; to acquire teaching skills aimed at online and community-college students; and to take workshops on subjects, such as project management and grant writing, which might be of value outside of academia. Graduate programs, the committee suggests, should accept the fact that many of their students will have non-tenured, or even non-academic, careers. They should keep track of what happens to their graduates, so that students who decide to leave academia have a non-academic alumni network to draw upon.What does the author mean by saying "that's wildly optimistic" in Paragraph 2?

Passage 2Everyone knows that English departments are in trouble, but you can't appreciate just how much trouble until you read the new report from the Modern Language Association. The report is about Ph.D. programs, which have been in decline since 2008. These programs have gotten both more difficult and less rewarding: today, it can take almost a decade to get a doctorate, and, at the end of your program, you' re unlikely to find a tenure-track job.The core of the problem is, of course, the job market. The M.L.A. report estimates that only sixty per cent of newly-minted Ph.D.s will find tenure-track jobs after graduation. If anything, that's wildly optimistic: the M.L.A. got to that figure by comparing the number of tenure-track jobs on its job list(around six hundred) with the number of new graduates(about a thousand). But that leaves out the thousands of unemployed graduates from past years who are still job-hunting-not to mention the older professors who didn't receive tenure, and who now find themselves competing with their former students. In all likelihood, the number of jobs per candidate is much smaller than the report suggests. That's why the mood is so dire-why even professors are starting to ask, in the committee's words, "Why maintain doctoral study in the modern languages and literatures-or the rest of the humanities-at all?"Those trends, in turn, are part of an even larger story having to do with the expansion and transformation of American education after the Second World War. Essentially, colleges grew less elite and more vocational. Before the war, relatively few people went to college. Then, in the nineteen-fifties, the G.I. Bill and, later, the Baby Boom pushed colleges to grow rapidly. When the boom ended, colleges found themselves overextended and competing for students. By the mid-seventies, schools were creating new programs designed to attract a broader range of students-for instance, women and minorities.Those reforms worked: as Nate Silver reported in the Times last summer, about twice as many people attend college per capita now as did forty years ago. But all that expansion changed colleges.In the past, they had catered to elite students who were happy to major in the traditional liberal arts. Now, to attract middle-class students, colleges had to offer more career-focused majors, in fields like business, communications, and health care. As a result, humanities departments have found themselves drifting away from the center of the university. Today, they are often regarded as a kind of institutional luxury, paid for by dynamic, cheap, and growing programs in, say, adult-education. These large demographic facts are contributing to today's job-market crisis: they' re why, while education as a whole is growing, the humanities aren't.Given all this, what can an English department do? The M.L.A. report contains a number of suggestions. Pride of place is given to the idea that grad school should be shorter: "Departments should design programs that can be completed in five years."That will probably require changing the dissertation from a draft of an academic book into something shorter and simpler. At the same time, graduate students are encouraged to "broaden" themselves: to "engage more deeply with technology"; to pursue unusual and imaginative dissertation projects; to work in more than one discipline; to acquire teaching skills aimed at online and community-college students; and to take workshops on subjects, such as project management and grant writing, which might be of value outside of academia. Graduate programs, the committee suggests, should accept the fact that many of their students will have non-tenured, or even non-academic, careers. They should keep track of what happens to their graduates, so that students who decide to leave academia have a non-academic alumni network to draw upon.According to the author, which of the following is the key reason that leads to today's job-market crisis for Ph.D. students?

Passage 2Everyone knows that English departments are in trouble, but you can't appreciate just how much trouble until you read the new report from the Modern Language Association. The report is about Ph.D. programs, which have been in decline since 2008. These programs have gotten both more difficult and less rewarding: today, it can take almost a decade to get a doctorate, and, at the end of your program, you' re unlikely to find a tenure-track job.The core of the problem is, of course, the job market. The M.L.A. report estimates that only sixty per cent of newly-minted Ph.D.s will find tenure-track jobs after graduation. If anything, that's wildly optimistic: the M.L.A. got to that figure by comparing the number of tenure-track jobs on its job list(around six hundred) with the number of new graduates(about a thousand). But that leaves out the thousands of unemployed graduates from past years who are still job-hunting-not to mention the older professors who didn't receive tenure, and who now find themselves competing with their former students. In all likelihood, the number of jobs per candidate is much smaller than the report suggests. That's why the mood is so dire-why even professors are starting to ask, in the committee's words, "Why maintain doctoral study in the modern languages and literatures-or the rest of the humanities-at all?"Those trends, in turn, are part of an even larger story having to do with the expansion and transformation of American education after the Second World War. Essentially, colleges grew less elite and more vocational. Before the war, relatively few people went to college. Then, in the nineteen-fifties, the G.I. Bill and, later, the Baby Boom pushed colleges to grow rapidly. When the boom ended, colleges found themselves overextended and competing for students. By the mid-seventies, schools were creating new programs designed to attract a broader range of students-for instance, women and minorities.Those reforms worked: as Nate Silver reported in the Times last summer, about twice as many people attend college per capita now as did forty years ago. But all that expansion changed colleges.In the past, they had catered to elite students who were happy to major in the traditional liberal arts. Now, to attract middle-class students, colleges had to offer more career-focused majors, in fields like business, communications, and health care. As a result, humanities departments have found themselves drifting away from the center of the university. Today, they are often regarded as a kind of institutional luxury, paid for by dynamic, cheap, and growing programs in, say, adult-education. These large demographic facts are contributing to today's job-market crisis: they' re why, while education as a whole is growing, the humanities aren't.Given all this, what can an English department do? The M.L.A. report contains a number of suggestions. Pride of place is given to the idea that grad school should be shorter: "Departments should design programs that can be completed in five years."That will probably require changing the dissertation from a draft of an academic book into something shorter and simpler. At the same time, graduate students are encouraged to "broaden" themselves: to "engage more deeply with technology"; to pursue unusual and imaginative dissertation projects; to work in more than one discipline; to acquire teaching skills aimed at online and community-college students; and to take workshops on subjects, such as project management and grant writing, which might be of value outside of academia. Graduate programs, the committee suggests, should accept the fact that many of their students will have non-tenured, or even non-academic, careers. They should keep track of what happens to their graduates, so that students who decide to leave academia have a non-academic alumni network to draw upon.What can be inferred from the last paragraph?

Passage 2Everyone knows that English departments are in trouble, but you can't appreciate just how much trouble until you read the new report from the Modern Language Association. The report is about Ph.D. programs, which have been in decline since 2008. These programs have gotten both more difficult and less rewarding: today, it can take almost a decade to get a doctorate, and, at the end of your program, you' re unlikely to find a tenure-track job.The core of the problem is, of course, the job market. The M.L.A. report estimates that only sixty per cent of newly-minted Ph.D.s will find tenure-track jobs after graduation. If anything, that's wildly optimistic: the M.L.A. got to that figure by comparing the number of tenure-track jobs on its job list(around six hundred) with the number of new graduates(about a thousand). But that leaves out the thousands of unemployed graduates from past years who are still job-hunting-not to mention the older professors who didn't receive tenure, and who now find themselves competing with their former students. In all likelihood, the number of jobs per candidate is much smaller than the report suggests. That's why the mood is so dire-why even professors are starting to ask, in the committee's words, "Why maintain doctoral study in the modern languages and literatures-or the rest of the humanities-at all?"Those trends, in turn, are part of an even larger story having to do with the expansion and transformation of American education after the Second World War. Essentially, colleges grew less elite and more vocational. Before the war, relatively few people went to college. Then, in the nineteen-fifties, the G.I. Bill and, later, the Baby Boom pushed colleges to grow rapidly. When the boom ended, colleges found themselves overextended and competing for students. By the mid-seventies, schools were creating new programs designed to attract a broader range of students-for instance, women and minorities.Those reforms worked: as Nate Silver reported in the Times last summer, about twice as many people attend college per capita now as did forty years ago. But all that expansion changed colleges.In the past, they had catered to elite students who were happy to major in the traditional liberal arts. Now, to attract middle-class students, colleges had to offer more career-focused majors, in fields like business, communications, and health care. As a result, humanities departments have found themselves drifting away from the center of the university. Today, they are often regarded as a kind of institutional luxury, paid for by dynamic, cheap, and growing programs in, say, adult-education. These large demographic facts are contributing to today's job-market crisis: they' re why, while education as a whole is growing, the humanities aren't.Given all this, what can an English department do? The M.L.A. report contains a number of suggestions. Pride of place is given to the idea that grad school should be shorter: "Departments should design programs that can be completed in five years."That will probably require changing the dissertation from a draft of an academic book into something shorter and simpler. At the same time, graduate students are encouraged to "broaden" themselves: to "engage more deeply with technology"; to pursue unusual and imaginative dissertation projects; to work in more than one discipline; to acquire teaching skills aimed at online and community-college students; and to take workshops on subjects, such as project management and grant writing, which might be of value outside of academia. Graduate programs, the committee suggests, should accept the fact that many of their students will have non-tenured, or even non-academic, careers. They should keep track of what happens to their graduates, so that students who decide to leave academia have a non-academic alumni network to draw upon.What does "that" in the last paragraph refer to?

A student has something in his mind and he should ignore the irrelevant parts and read to locate specific information when reading. Which of the following strategies can be used?

Do you know where Mr . Brown is?Somewhere in the southern suburbs of the city . Speaker B violatesthe maxim of ______ .

The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication is ______ .

“I bought some roses” ________ “I bought some flowers”.

Which of the following sets of phonetic features characterizes the English phoneme [p]?

The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are _______.

which of the following terms best describes the pair of words kill and dill?

The Christmas tree was decorated with shining ________ such as colored lights and glass balls.

Import for the first three months this year is larger than that for the_____ period last year.

According to the chart of English consonants，______ is inexistent.

The sense relationship between “John plays the violin ”and “John plays a musical instrument”is______.

In the following conversation, B violates the maxim of________ .X: Who was that you were with last night Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks.

In a speaking class, the teacher asks students to work in pairs and create a new short play about asking ways. This activity belongs to _____.

In a pre-listening activity, students need to learn to cope with some ambiguity in listening and realize that they can still learn even when they do not understand every single word. The aim of this activity is to develop the skill of _____

Which of the following strategies belongs to communication strategy?

ln componential analysis,____ may be shown as PARENT (x,y)＆MALE (x).

The word "offend" originally meant "to strike against", but now the word signifies "to create or excite anger". This is an example of ____.

A:Do you know where Mr. Brown is?B:Somewhere in the southern suburbs of the citySpeaker B violates the maxim of ____.

____ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context

--Do you mind if I smoke here?--________.

What is the main rhetoric device used in "The plowman homeward plods his weary way."?

How many morphemes are there in the word "impassable"?

Which rhetoric device is used in the following sentence?The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew; the furrow followed free.

The synonymous pair"_______"differ in degree of register.

An illocutionary act is identical with_______.

Which of the following does a teacher want his/her students to develop if he/she requires them to sort out and sum up the knowledge they have learned?

When a teacher helps students deal with the information gap of real discourse, he/she probably aims at developing students'________.

The relationship between"flower"and "lotus"is________

Which of the following does not belong to meaningful practice?

According to Chomsky, ________refers to the actual realization of user's knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.

________refers to the use of word which is thought to be less offensive or unpleasant than another word.

In the following conversation: ( ).—Beirut is in Peru, isn’t it—And Rome is in Romania, I suppose.The second person violates the ( )

Which of the following groups are complementary antonyms?

"Can I borrow your bike?" _______"You have a bike"

True friendship is like sound health, the value ______ is seldom known until it is lost .

-She didn't come to school yesterday, did she? -______ . Because she was not feeling well .

If you want to go to the movie tonight, so ______ I .

From the prospective of traditional approach of syntax, noun has the categories of number,gender and ______ .

According to Britain linguist F . Palmer, there are no real synonyms . Though "cast" and "throw" are considered synonyms, they are different in ______ .

The policeman ran after the man and ______ him by the arm .

Such animals as South China tigers are believed ______,for we've had no track of them for ages .

It was March 5,2013 ______ president Hugo cost his last fight in life at the age of 58 .

______ you said is true, there are still other factors to be considered .

──Did Linda see the traffic accident?──No, no sooner____ than it happened.

It is these poisonous products _______ can cause the symptoms of the flu, such as headache and aching muscles.

If the doctor had come earlier, the poor child would not _____.

Your hair wants______. You’d better have it done tomorrow.

_____we shall bend this material into a ring is not yet decided.

The pronunciation of the English word "selected" is_____.

My train arrives in New York at eight o'clock tonight. The plane l would like to take from there ____by then.

The mere fact ______most people believe nuclear war would be mad does not mean that it will not occur.

______he does get annoyed with her sometimes.

In which of the following sentences does liaison of sound appear most?

A thief who broke into a church was caught because traces of wax, found on his clothes ,_____from the sort of candles used only in churches.

We were astonished ________the temple still in its original condition.

In some countries, _______is called equality does not really mean equal rights for all people.

_____before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.

Which thetoric device is used in the following sentence? The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew; the furrow followed free.

Not that John doesn't want to help you,____ it's beyond his power.

It is in the Future Mall where you bought a coat ____ her sister works.

-Has your former classmate come back from the USA?-Yes, he _____there for eight years.

-Why does John speak through every discussion but never listen to the others?-That what he____do, we used to hate that, but are used to it now.

I bought a new bicycle, ____ was very high.

This programme will examine the writer's books in detail, ____ an introduction to her life.

There's a lot of food left over from the party; you ____ so many dishes.

We can assign the work ____ is reliable.

All things____,the planned trip will have to be called off.

Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patients do not take drugs ____ directed.

A similar wrong idea is that fish and ice cream when ____ at the same time form a poisonous combination.

Until then, his family ____ from him for six months.

The fact that she was foreign made ____ difficult for her to get ajob in that country.

Neither the unpleasant experiences nor the bad luck________ him discouraged.

The message came to the villagers________the enemy had already fled the village.

What is the chance of ______ another typhoon in this area this summer?

______ they to cut down the cost of advertising, the cost of production ______ significantly fall.

The goal, which they are unlikely to live to see , is to"cure, prevent or manage all diseases"in the next 80or so years.

You can't imagine what great trouble they have_______the problem_________.

If you_________to Mr.Smith more carefully，you could work out the problem without any difficulty now.

_______that he would get a promotion soon, he felt grateful and worked even harder.

In your free time,_______ this incredible city and you will certainly have an unforgettable experience.

Chinese people eat rice dumplings on the Dragon Boat Festival, ________is observed in honor of Qu Yuan.

It was 10 o' clock ______Jill arrived at the office, which made the boss annoyed.

________Andersen was the best of the most talented writers of his generation seemed indisputable.

David returned after the vacation, only ______that he had been dismissed.

The morpheme"-ee-"in the word "geese"is a_______.

It was the training that he had as a young man ________made him such a good orator.