【背景资料】
某高速公路上下行分离式隧道，洞口间距40m，左线长3216m，右线长3100m，隧道最大埋深500m，进出口为浅埋段，Ⅳ级围岩。洞身地质条件复杂，地质报告指出，隧道穿越地层为三叠系底层，岩性主要为炭质泥岩、砂岩、泥岩砂岩互层，且有瓦斯设防段、涌水段和岩爆段，I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级围岩大致各占1/3，节理裂隙发育，岩层十分破碎，且穿越一组背斜，在其褶曲轴部地带中的炭质泥岩及薄煤层中并存有瓦斯等有害气体，有瓦斯聚集涌出的可能，应对瓦斯重点设防，加强通风、瓦斯监测等工作。
技术员甲认为全断面开挖法的特点是工作空间较小、施工速度快、便于施工组织和管理；且全断面开挖法具有较小的断面进尺比，每次爆破振动强度较小，爆破对围岩的振动次数少，有利于围岩的稳定。考虑到该隧道地质情况与进度要求，所以该隧道应采用全断面开挖。
隧道施工过程中为防止发生塌方冒顶事故，项目部加强了施工监控量测，量测项目有地质和支护状况、锚杆或锚索内力及抗拔力、地表下沉、围岩体内位移、支护及衬砌内应力。项目部还实行安全目标管理，采取了一系列措施，要求进入隧道施工现场的所有人员必须经过专门的安全知识教育，接受安全技术交底；电钻钻眼应检查把手胶套的绝缘是否良好，电钻工应戴棉纱手套，穿绝缘胶鞋；爆破作业人员不能穿着化纤服装，炸药和雷管分别装在带盖的容器内用汽车一起运送；隧道开挖及衬砌作业地段的照明电器电压为110～220V。同时加强瓦斯等有毒有害气体的防治，通风设施由专职安全员兼管。
【背景资料】某市政建设公司承建一座高架桥，该桥上部结构为30m跨径的预应力小箱梁结构，共120片预制箱梁。
施工合同签订后，施工单位根据构件预制厂的布设要求，选择了红线范围以内的一块场地，进行了箱梁预制场地选址和规划，并编制完成了《梁场布置方案》，在报经企业技术负责人审批后实施。
方案要求在梁板预制完成后，移梁前应对梁板喷涂统一标识，包括预制时间、梁体编号等内容，预制厂平面布置示意图如下图所示。
预制厂设5个制梁台座（编号1-5），采用一套外模，两套内模。每片梁的生产周期为10天，其中A工序2天，B工序2天，C工序6天。
A为钢筋工程，B为模板安装、混凝土浇筑、模板拆除，C为混凝土养生、预应力张拉与移梁。5个制梁台座的制梁横道图如图所示。
Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century, with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) With the Church’s teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.
During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geocentric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.
(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore. It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.
The Church’s long-standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe during most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.
The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity. Scientific method, reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase “sapereaude” or “dare to know”, after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay “An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?”. It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.
部门规章与地方政府规章之间对相同事项的规定不一致的，人民法院一般可以按照下列（ ）情形适用。
法律或者行政法规授权部门规章作出实施性规定的，其规定优先适用
尚未制定法律、行政法规的，部门规章对于国务院决定、命令授权的事项，或者对属于中央宏观调控的事项、需要全国统一的市场活动规则及对外贸易和外商投资等事项作出规定的，应当优先适用
地方政府规章根据法律或者行政法规的授权，根据本行政区域的实际情况作出具体规定的，应当优先适用
地方政府规章对属于本行政区域的具体行政管理事项作出规定的，应当优先适用
某施工单位中标北方城市某高档商务楼项目,施工内容:建筑给水排水､建筑电气､通风与空调和智能建筑工程;A单位与建设单位签订了机电供应与安装的专业承包合同,采用固定总价合同,签约合同价7800万元(含暂列金额300万元)工程的主要设备由业主指定品牌,施工单位组织采购,工程结算款的3%作为质量保修金｡
商务楼空调采用风机盘管加新风系统,空调水为二管制系统;风管采用半硬质的岩棉管壳保温,保温壳与管道的外径相匹配,管壳采用金属丝捆扎;网络服务机房采用开放式网格桥架,机房制冷散热系统设置进口的恒温恒湿空调机组｡商务楼机电工程完工时间正好是冬天,供暖系统平稳可靠运行
工程完工后,施工单位组织竣工预验收,在检查验收中发现以下几个问题:
(1)空调系统的风机盘管安装如图1所示｡
(2)商务楼工程未进行带冷源的系统联合调试｡
(3)风管保温壳的接缝方向一致,用于捆扎的金属丝间距为400mm,且每节捆扎1道｡
(4)竣工资料中的进口恒温恒湿机组说明书没有中文标识
工程竣工结算时,经审核预付款已全部抵扣完成,暂列金额未使用,设计变更增加费用90万元。
图1 风机盘管机组安装示意图
背景资料
某建设单位通过公开招标，与甲建筑公司签订了建筑安装工程合同，合同规定计价方式以工程量清单计价为基础。合同部分内容如下：
（1）该费用构成情况是：分部分项工程费为23000万元，措施项目费为6500万元，安全文明施工费为600万元，其他项目费为3000万元，利润率5%，规费费率2%，税率9%，预付款按照价款15%进行计算。
（2）在工程施工过程中，项目部为了完成项目的目标成本，分别制定了A、B、C三种施工方案：A施工方案成本为4300万元，功能系数为0.32；B施工方案成本为4400万元，功能系数为0.33；C施工方案成本为4500万元，功能系数为0.35。
基坑开挖完成后，施工单位按照相关规定进行基坑验槽验收工作。
