简述教学工作的基本环节。

阐述卢因的三步骤变革过程。（人大）

施拉姆（厦门大学；人大；湖南大学）

简述柯尔伯格的道德发展阶段论？

下面是有关初中物理某教材“关于探究摩擦力跟哪些因素有关”的实验。

任务：
(1)本节课在教材中的地位和作用。
(2)根据上述材料，设计一个体现学生发现学习的教学方案。

写出上图中下列工作的紧前工作和紧后工作。

请简单说明“教育目标分类学”中情感领域的基本内容。

背景资料：
某施工单位承包了南方某二级公路D合同段路基施工，其中K8+200～K8+320 为沿河路基，设计为浆砌块石路肩挡土墙(见图1)，挡土墙最大高度为11．2m，设计高程211．33m，设计洪水位202．10m，常水位198．90m。施工单位选择在枯水季节施工，挡土墙施工前全面做好排水系统，施工工艺见图2。
在基坑挖到设计高程后，经检验基底承载力等各项指标满足要求，开始进行基础砌筑。基础施工完后，立即进行基坑回填。基础圬工强度达到要求后，进行墙身砌筑。
挡土墙砌筑与路基回填交替施工，对挡土墙按高度分阶段验收。墙背填料采用与前后路段路堤填料相同的黏土，做到逐层填筑，逐层压实。
问题：
根据国家标准《高处作业分级》，该挡土墙的墙身砌筑属于几级高处作业?

广播栏目编辑的具体要求是什么？

人类传播的第一套体外化符号系统是什么？其产生有什么意义？

根据提供的信息和语言素材设计教学方案，用英文作答。

设计任务：请阅读下面学生信息和语言素材，设计一节英语读写课的教学方案。教案没有固定格式，但须包含下列要点：

●teaching objectives

●teaching contents

●key and difficult points

●major steps and time allocation

●activities and justifications

教学时间：45分钟

学生概况：某城镇普通中学八年级（初中二年级）学生，班级人数40人，多数已经达到《义务教育英语课程标准（2011版）》三级水平，学生课堂参与积极性一般。

语言素材：

Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs lived on the Earth over sixty million years ago. This was a long timebefore people existed. Dinosaurslived everywhere. Some were as small as chickens.Others were as big as ten elephants. Some dinosaurs even had wings andcould fly.

Many dinosaurs were harmless.They were as gentle as sheep and ate plants.Otherswere harmful.They were fiercer than tigers and ate meat.

Dinosaurs alldied out suddenly. Nobody knows why. We know about the lives of dinosaurs from the skeletons, eggs and footprints they left behind.

Diogenes

Diogenes was a famous thinker. He lived in Greece about two thousand years ago.He taught that the way to be happy was to own as few things as possible. All heowned was a big jar that he lived in, a coat, a bag and a cup. He was very happy.One day, Diogenes saw a boy drinking water from his hands by a fountain, so he threw away his cup and became even happier.