【背景资料】某施工单位承接了某公路B合同段K8+000~K9+800的路基、路面、1座3×20m的简支梁桥和8道涵洞施工，合同工期为200d。该段土质以松散砂土和黏土为主，路基主要工程量见表6-5。

施工单位进场后，积极组织施工，将路面分成三个段落组织流水作业，并绘制了施工平面布置示意图和网络计划，分别如图6-22和图6-23所示。


路基施工中，石方开挖采用爆破，土方开挖采用挖掘机配自卸汽车作业。经实测，挖掘机的台班平均生产率为560m³/台班，机械利用率为0.85。填筑施工采用土石混合倾填，并进行纵向分幅，用振动压路机碾压。
桥梁墩台基础施工完毕后，为确保工程质量，监理工程师要求施工单位挖开再次检查坑底承载力和基础混凝土质量，施工单位对此提出开挖费用索赔。
该路段投入使用1年后，在K9+200~K9+600段出现了路基的纵向裂缝。

证券交易所的组织形式有 ( )。

【背景资料】某施工单位承建了长度为15km的高速公路路基工程，合同工期2年。主要工程内容包括路基、桥梁、通道涵洞、防护及排水等。其中，路基工程有约3km连续段落需进行软基处理，并经90天预压后进行路基填筑，本段落软基处理深度在4m~8m之间，设计要求以竖向排水体方式进行软基处理填方边坡高度在3m~21m之间，为保证高填方路基稳定，设计采用了3m高6m宽的反压护道。本合同段路基挖、填方边坡均采取浆砌片石坡面防护。工程实施过程中，发生如下事件：
事件一：项目部就本合同段路基工程编制了施工方案，主要内容包括：
①编制依据
②工程概况
③工艺流程及操作要点，关键技术参数与技术措施
④施工技术方案设计图
⑤技术方案的主要计算书
⑥A、B、质量保证，文物保护及文明施工措施
⑦危险性较大的分部分项工程安全专项施工方案。
事件二：地基处理完成后，项目部为加快工程进度采取了如下措施：
①在软基路段堆载预压期间进行桥台、涵洞，通道工程施工
②路堤与反压护道分开填筑，待所有路堤施工完成后再进行反压护道施工。
事件三：在软基处理后的高填方路段，路基防护工程设计采用了三级浆砌片石护坡，为便于边坡后期维护，每200m长度内间断采用了10m宽加厚浆砌片石护面墙，并按规范要求设计了防滑坎。施工队为了保证工程进度，提出如下技术措施：
①在路堤预压期间施工浆砌片石护坡
②所有片石在路基坡面上直接铺筑后再以砂浆填充缝隙
③片石护坡每10~15m应设置一道伸缩缝，缝宽宜为20~30mm。基底地质有变化处应设沉降缝。且伸缩缝与沉降缝可合并设置
④砂浆初凝后，立即进行养护，砂浆终凝前体应覆盖
⑤护面墙施工完成后再施工防滑坎。
事件四：工程开工半年后，因特殊原因经专家论证，建设单位下发正式文件要求本合同工程提前半年交工，并在文件中指令将路基预压期压缩为70天。承包人为响应该要求，及时向内部自行招标确定的分包队伍下达了新的工期计划，经共同努力提前半年完成了全部合同工程。工程交工后，本合同段承包人及时向建设单位提交了相关工期及费用的书面索赔报告。

该矿按规定必须开展的采场边坡安全监测基本指标有（   ）。

案例一

背景资料：某单位承担某污水处理厂工程施工项目，其中二沉池直径51.2m，深5.5m，采用现浇钢筋混凝土。

施工单位设计了池壁异型模板，考虑了模板选材、位移及变形的措施。根据现场情况及工程特点，编写了施工技术方案。

水池完工后进行了满水试验。采用一次充水到设计水深，水位上升速度为2m/h，当充到设计水位12h后，开始测读水位测针的初读数，满水试验结果测得的渗水量为2.5L/（m2.d）。

案例二【背景资料】

A公司总承包2X660MW火力发电厂1#机组的建筑安装工程,工程包括:锅炉、汽轮发电机、水处理、脱硫系统等。A公司将水泵、管道安装分包给B公司施工。B公司在凝结水泵初步找正后,即进行管道连接,因出口管道与设备不同心,无法正常对口,便用手拉葫芦强制调整管道,被A公司制止。B公司整改后,并在联轴节上架设仪表监视设备位移,保证管道与水泵的安装质量。锅炉补给水管道设计为埋地敷设,施工完毕自检合格后,以书面形式通知监理申请隐蔽工程验收。第二天进行土方回填时,被监理工程师制止。在未采取任何技术措施的情况下,公司对凝汽器汽侧进行了灌水试验(见图2)无泄露,但造成部分弹簧支座因过载而损坏。返修后,进行汽轮机组轴系对轮中心找正工作,经初找、复找验收合格。主体工程、辅助工程和公用设施按设计文件要求建成,单位工程验收合格后,建设单位及时向政府有关部门申请项目的专项验收,并提供备案申报表、施工许可文件复印件及规定的相关材料等,项目通过专项验收。

【背景资料】
某项目部承接一项顶管工程，其中DN1350mm管道为东西走向，长度90m；DN1050mm管道为偏东南方向走向，长度80m。设计要求始发工作井y采用沉井法施工，接收井A、C为其他标段施工（如图5示），项目部按程序和要求完成了各项准备工作。
开工前，项目部测量员带一测量小组按建设单位给定的测量资料进行高程点与y井中心坐标布设，布设完毕后随即将成果交予施工员组织施工。
按批准的进度计划先集中力量完成y井的施工作业， 按沉井预制工艺流程，在已测定的圆周中心线上按要求铺设粗砂与D，采用定型钢模进行刃脚混凝土浇筑，然后按顺序先设置E与F，安装绑扎钢筋，再设置内、外模板，  最后进行井壁混凝土浇筑。
下沉前，需要降低地下水（已预先布置了喷射井点），采用机械取土；防止y井下沉困难，项目部预先制定了下沉辅助措施。
y井下沉到位，经检验合格后，顶管作业队进场按施工工艺流程安装设备：K→千斤顶就位→观测仪器安放→铺设导轨→顶铁就位。为确保首节管节能顺利出洞，项目部按预先制定的方案在y井出洞口进行土体加固；加固方法采用高压旋喷注浆，深度6m（地质资料显示为淤泥质粘土）。

证券投资基金可以分为封闭式基金和开放式基金，两者之间的划分依据是 ( )。

The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.

Yet this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today’s global challenges, including climate change, security, sustainable development and health. (41)_______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.

(42)_______This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.

Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental change” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 20(43)_______

When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium  is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium, for example. And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.

The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. (44)_______This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.

The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that the system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45)_______That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.

[A] These issues all have root causes in human behavior: all require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.

[B] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social- science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.

[C] During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds—including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate—varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.

[D] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline- oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.

[E] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.

[F] The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change; food security; marine research and the bio-economy; clean, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.

[G] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.

某机电设备安装公司经邀请招标投标，获得某厂生产线的机电设备安装工程，并与业主签订了施工合同。合同规定工程范围、工期、质量标准、安全环境要求。其中质量标准和要求按部颁标准执行，主要材料如钢材、电缆、φ50以上的管道阀门等由业主提供，安装现场的协调由安装公司负责等。施工过程中发生下列事件：
事件1：由于安装公司任务饱和，人员机具调动不开，仅派十多名现场管理人员组成项目管理班子，把工程分车间分包给四个均有一定经验的施工队伍，且都有营业执照。其中主体部分分包给从本单位辞职的一名项目经理带着当年属于本单位的几名技术骨干组成的一个施工队伍。为保证工程质量，分包合同中把质量标准统一提高到企业内控标准，分包单位提出异议。
事件2：施工现场因道路、场地问题经常发生停工窝工，分包单位找安装公司解决，安装公司回复自行协商解决。
事件3：厂区主电缆未按时到场，拖延工期5天，分包单位找安装公司索赔窝工费用和要求工期顺延，安装公司认为不是自己造成的，让分包单位直接找业主协商。
事件4：分包单位为抢工期，将业主送至现场的电缆和管道阀门未经检查便施工。