【背景资料】某矿井采用立井开拓,主、副井井筒位于同一工业广场内,主井井筒采用临时井架凿井,副井井筒利用永久井架凿井,主、副井井筒表土段采用冻结法施工,基岩段采用普通法施工,井筒基岩段预计涌水量8m³/h。主、副井并筒冻结及掘砌施工由某施工单位承担,该施工单位编制的矿井施工组织方案为:主、副井井筒交错开工,错开时间3个月;箕斗装载硐室与主井井筒同时施工;主、副井同时到底,进行短路贯通。在主井井筒基岩段施工过程中,遇到了地质资料未注明的含水层,该含水层涌水量达20m³/h。施工单位根据自身的施工经验,提出了采用强排水方法通过含水层,需增加费用15万元。该方案经建设单位同意后,施工单位完成了含水层段的掘砌工作,但造成工期延误2个月。事后,施工单位向建设单位提出了补偿费用15万元和延长工期2个月的索赔。主井井筒在通过含水基岩层后,按原掘进速度正常施工;副井井筒施工进度正常。为实现主、副井同时到底进行短路贯通,施工单位及时调整了施工组织方案。
【背景资料】W县T铁矿尾矿库,设计采用湿式放矿、上游式筑坝,初期坝高20m、坝底标高+400m,堆积坝最终标高+560m,每级子坝高5m、台阶宽5m,全库容1700×10⁴m³,+420~+455m、+455~+560m堆积坝外坡比分别为1:4、1:5。截至2023年6月底,堆积坝顶为+520m,库容为1100×10⁴m³,+420~+455m、+455~+520m的堆积坝外坡比分别为1:4.1、1:4.5。
该矿所在地区的汛期为6月至9月。T铁矿委托设计院2023年6月20日完成尾矿库调洪演算,确定了汛期尾矿库警戒水位、警戒水位时最小干滩长度、最小安全超高等安全运行控制参数。
2023年6月29日,W县应急管理局对T铁矿尾矿库检查发现:尾矿库干滩面存在侧坡、扇形坡现象,局部有积水;现场实测浸润线最小埋深,+510m两个观测点分别为5.5m、5.7m,+490m两个观测点分别为5.1m、5.3m;永久排水斜槽排洪系统局部断裂、严重淤堵;有月度尾矿库作业计划;生产运行记录保存期为10年;通往坝顶的应急道路局部被泥沙掩埋,车辆不能通行;最近一次尾矿库安全现状评价是2018年完成的。W县应急管理局给T铁矿下达了停产整改通知书。
根据以上场景,回答下列问题:
【背景资料】
某高速公路隧道右洞,起讫桩号为YK52+626~YK52+875。工程所在地常年多雨,地质情况为:粉质黏土、中强风化板岩为主,节理裂隙发育,围岩级别为Ⅴ级。该隧道YK52+626~YK52+740段原设计为暗洞,长114m,其余为明洞,长135m,明洞开挖采用的临时边坡坡率为1:0.3,开挖深度为12~15m。YK52+740~YK52+845明洞段左侧山坡高且较陡,为顺层边坡,岩层产状为N130°W∠45°。隧道顶地表附近有少量民房。隧道施工发生如下事件:事件1:隧道施工开工前,施工单位向监理单位提供了施工安全风险评估报告。在YK52+875~YK52+845段明洞开挖施工过程中,临时边坡发生了滑塌。经有关单位现场研究,决定将后续YK52+845~YK52+740段设计方案调整为盖挖法,YK52+785的盖挖法横断面设计示意图如图5所示,

盖挖法施工流程图如图6所示。事件2:在采用盖挖法施工前,监理单位要求再次提供隧道施工安全风险评估报告,施工单位以已提供过为由,予以拒绝。

事件3:施工单位对盖挖法方案相对于明挖法方案的部分施工费用进行了核算和对比,见表3。其中,挖石方费用增加了55.17万元,砂浆锚杆费用减少了42.53万元,φ42锁脚锚杆费用增加了25.11万元。

(背景资料)某项目部承接一项 DN500mm 天然气管线工程,管线全长 2300m,设计压力 0.5MPa,材质 L485。管线主体采用直埋敷设,管线经过公共绿地和 A 公司场院,A 公司院内建筑密集、空间狭窄。
管线局部需穿越道路,道路下面敷设有多种管道。项目部拟在道路两侧各设置 1 个工作坑,其中一个工作坑施工现场平面布置如图 4-1 所示,采用人工挖土顶管施工,顶入 DN1000mm 钢管作为过路穿越套管。穿越道路工程所在区域的环境条件及地下管线平面布置如图 4-2 所示,地下水位于套管管底以下 2m。

4-1工作坑施工现场平面图

图4-2 穿越工程环境条件及地下管线平面布置图
工程开工前,项目部组织人员踏勘了施工现场,调查了地下设施、管线和周边环境,编制了顶管施工专项方案。
针对甲证券公司2022年发生的如下事项,回答相应问题。
(1)甲证券公司2022年1月开始,担任乙公司在科创板首次公开发行股票项目的辅导、保荐机构及主承销商。同时,为网下投资者提供投资价值研究报告。
(2)2022年3月至6月期间,乙证券公司将20多亿元自有资金投向单一资金信托计划,但在月度风险控制指标监管报表和年度报告中,将上述投资计入银行存款。
(3)2022年5月8日,客户张某前往甲证券公司营业部要求开立账户进行证券委托交易。
Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.
American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.
In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .
Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.
Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.
Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.
[A]Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.
[B]In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.
[C]He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.
[D]They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.
[E]Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.
[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.
[G]For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.
【背景材料】
某长途硅芯管光缆线路工程全长75km,施工内容包括敷设硅芯管、人(手)孔制作、气吹12芯光缆、光缆接续及测试等。施工图设计规定光缆接头的双向平均衰耗不大于0.08dB/个。工程由某项目经理部负责施工,项目经理部做了光(电)缆线路路由复测任务:核定和丈量各种敷设方式的地面距离,核定三防(防雷、防白蚁、防腐)地段的长度、措施及实施的可能性;核定沟坎保护的地点和数量;核定管道光(电)缆占用管孔位置;为光(电)缆的配盘、光(电)缆分屯及敷设提供必要的数据资料;修改、补充施工图。 项目经理部根据现场的实际状况和施工合同编制了施工组织设计。
【背景资料】
某双车道公路隧道。全长620m,地层岩性为石灰岩,地下水较丰富。有一条F断层破裂带,隧道最大埋深490m,纵坡为-3%。其围岩级别及长度见隧道纵断面示意图3。合同总工期为20个月。

为保证施工安全,施工单位结合项目地质和设备条件,拟在全断面法、台阶法、单侧壁导坑法、CD法、CRD法5种工法中选择组织施工。
根据以往施工经验及该项目实际情况,施工前,相关人员经讨论分析确定隧道主要施工内容的进度计划指标为:Ⅲ级围岩70~90m/月,Ⅳ级围岩50~70m/月,V级围岩30~50m/月,施工准备3个月,隧道内沟槽、路面及附属设施施工3个月。
在隧道施工过程中进行了安全质量检查,发现施工单位存在如下错误做法:
①初期支护施工过程中,喷射混凝土采用干喷工艺;
②仰拱和底板混凝士强度达到设计强度75%,允许车辆通行;
③仰拱初期支护喷射混凝土及仰拱填充混凝土与仰拱衬砌混凝土一次浇筑。
④二次衬砌距IV级围岩掌子面的距离为100m。
【背景资料】
A 安装公司承包某大楼的建筑电气工程施工。工程内容有地下变电所、配电干线、室内配线、照明系统。合同约定:主要设备(三相电力变压器、成套配电柜)由业主采购,其他设备及材料由A 安装公司采购。大楼的一次结构已完工,大楼的二次结构、装饰工程由 B建筑公司承包施工。
A 安装公司项目部进场后,依据 B 建筑公司提供的二次结构、装饰工程的施工进度计划等资料,编制了建筑电气工程的施工方案、施工进度计划(见下表)。在施工方案中合理安排了变压器、成套配电柜、插接式母线槽的施工程序。在制订施工进度计划时,要求设备材料采购与施工进度合理搭接。
在工程施工中,曾经发生过2 个事件:
事件1:在插接式母线槽的施工中,因碰到雨季,空气潮湿,母线槽安装后检查,绝缘不合格,不能送电,影响了送电时间,经返工,到7 月 1 日才送电完成。
事件2:在照明通电调试时,有个别Ⅰ类照明灯具外壳带电,经检查,在 2.4m 以上灯具外壳没有接地,灯具相线接错,造成灯具外壳带电,重新整改后,照明灯具通过验收。A 安装公司积极与 B 建筑公司协调,使电气工程的施工符合装饰工程的施工进度计划,A 安装公司和 B 建筑公司共同实施对大楼的建筑装饰、电气工程等工程的竣工验收,使机电工程按合同要求完工。