发现学习是课堂学习的主要形式。(  )

幼儿适应环境和抗疾病能力的强弱是体质好坏的主要标志。(  )

对已经发生法律效力的判决、裁定，有权向人民法院或人民检察院提出申诉的有（     ）。

甲在国家机关任职，乙有求于他的职务行为，给甲送上5万元的好处费。甲答应给乙办事，但因故未办成。乙见事未办成，要求甲退回好处费。甲拒不退还，并威胁乙如果再来要钱就告乙行贿。对甲的行为应如何定罪？(   )

The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.

Yet this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today’s global challenges, including climate change, security, sustainable development and health. (41)_______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.

(42)_______This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.

Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental change” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 20(43)_______

When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium  is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium, for example. And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.

The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. (44)_______This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.

The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that the system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45)_______That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.

[A] These issues all have root causes in human behavior: all require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.

[B] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social- science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.

[C] During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds—including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate—varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.

[D] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline- oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.

[E] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.

[F] The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change; food security; marine research and the bio-economy; clean, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.

[G] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.

某施工单位中标围界报警系统施工。围界采用智能视频分析的监控方式，利用计算机视觉技术，在不需要人为干预的情况下，对视频信号进行处理、分析和理解，并对视频监控系统进行控制，自动发现入侵迹象，提前报警，进而达到监控与告警的目的。

围界优点：可以在物理围界铁网之外设置虚拟防区，提前发现入侵迹象产生预报警，给现场安防人员提供更多的响应时间。本身具备安防视频系统的基本功能，直接可视化。围界缺点：像素比对和运动分析模式受图像效果和分辨率影响大，雨雪、雾霾、沙尘天气环境下工作图像效果会受影响，围界外树木、建筑等复杂环境也会影响分辨效果，遮挡区域易形成盲区。

【背景资料】
某高速公路上下行分离式隧道，洞口间距40m，左线长3216m，右线长3100m，隧道最大埋深500m，进出口为浅埋段，Ⅳ级围岩，洞身地质条件复杂，地质报告指出，隧道穿越地层为三叠系底层，岩性主要为炭质泥岩、砂岩、泥岩砂岩互层，且有瓦斯设防段、涌水段和岩爆段，I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级围岩大致各占1／3，节理裂隙发育，岩层十分破碎，且穿越一组背斜，在其褶曲轴部地带申的炭质泥岩及薄煤层中并存有瓦斯等有害气体，有瓦斯聚集涌出的可能，应对瓦斯重点设防，加强通风、瓦斯监测等工作。技术员甲认为全断面开挖的特点是工作空间较小、施工速度快、便于施工组织和管理；且全断面开挖法具有较小的断面进尺比，每次爆破震动强度较小，爆破对围岩的震动次数少，有利于围岩的稳定。考虑到该隧道地质情况与进度要求，所以该隧道应采用全断面开挖。同时针对该隧道采用的新奥法施工，提出了“勤测量、紧封闭”的基本原则。隧道施工过程中为防止发生塌方冒顶事故，项目部加强了施工监控量测，量测项目有地质和支护状况，锚杆或锚索内力及抗拔力、地表下沉、围岩体内位移、支护及衬砌内应力。项目部还实行安全目标管理，采取了一系列措施，要求进入隧道施工现场的所有人员必须经过专门的安全知识教育，接受安全技术交底；电钻钻眼应检查把手胶套的绝缘是否良好，电钻工应戴棉纱手套，穿绝缘胶鞋；爆破作业人员不能着化纤服装，炸药和雷管分别装在带盖的容器内用汽车一起运送；隧道开挖及衬砌作业地段的照明电器电压为110～220V，同时加强瓦斯等有毒有害气体的防治，通风设施由专职安全员兼管。隧道施工完成后，进行了供配电、照明系统设施的安装，其中变压器为油浸变压器，由于工期延误，变压器运到现场100天后才进行安装。电缆敷设在沟内时遵循了低压在上、高压在下的原则，敷设时还要求金属支架、导管必须接地(PE)或接零(PEN)可靠。在交通监控方面，隧道由监控分中心统一监控，监控中心设有完善的子系统，包括交通信号监控系统、视频监控系统、供配电监控系统、隧道照明控制系统、调度指令电话系统、有线广播系统等。

背景资料：

某中型水库枢纽工程由混凝土面板堆石坝、电站、溢流坝和节制闸等建筑物组成。工程建设过程中发生下列事件：

事件1，在施工质量检验中，钢筋、护坡单元工程，以及闸底板混凝土试件，三个项目抽样检验均有不合格情况，针对上述情况，监理单位要求施工单位依据《水利水电工程施工质量检验与评定规程》SL176-2007，分别进行处理并责成其进行整改。

事件2，混凝土施工流程如下：

事件3，闸门门槽采用留槽后浇二期混凝土的方法施工：闸门安装完毕后，施工单位及时进行了检查、验收和质量评定工作，其中平板钢闸门单元工程安装质量验收评定如下表所示：

事件4，关于施工质量评定工作的组织要求如下：分部工程质量由施工单位自评，监理单位复核，项目法人认定。分部工程验收质量结论由项目法人报工程质量监督机构核备，其中主要建筑物节制闸和泵站的分部工程验收质量结论由项目法人报工程质量监督机构核定。单位工程质量在施工单位自评合格后，由监理单位抽检，项目法人核定，单位工程验收质量结论报工程质量监督机构核备。

事件5，大坝基础工程完工后，验收主持单位组织制定了分部工程验收工作方案，部分内容如下：

（1）由监理单位向项目法人提交验收申请报告；

（2）验收工作由质量监督机构主持；

（3）验收工作组由项目法人、设计、监理、施工单位代表组成；

（4）分部工程验收通过后，质量监督机构收到验收质量结论之后的10个工作日内，将意见书面反馈项目法人。

【背景资料】某工业厂房工程采用地梁基础，按照已审批的施工方案组织实施。在第一区域施工过程中，材料已送检。为了在停电（季度）检查保养系统电路之前完成第一区域基础的施工，施工单位负责人未经监理许可，在材料送检还没有得到检验结果时，擅自决定进行混凝土施工。待地梁混凝土浇筑完毕后，发现水泥试验报告中某些检验项目质量不合格。造成该分部工程返工拆除重做，工期延误16天，经济损失达20000元，并造成一定的信誉影响。

补贴受益者在获得补贴时，需要提交消费国原产货物的证明，该类补贴是（   ）。

【背景资料】
某公司承建沿海某开发区路网综合市政工程，道路等级为城市次干路，沥青混凝土路面结构，总长约为10Km。随路敷设雨水、污水、给水、通信和电力等管线;其中污水管道为HDPE缠绕结构壁B型管(以下简称HDPE管)，承插一电熔接口，开槽施工，拉森钢板桩支护,流水作业方式。污水管道沟槽与支护结构断面如图4所示。

施工过程中发生如下事件:
事件一: HDPE管进场，项目部有关人员收集、核验管道产品质量证明文件、合格证等技术资料，抽样检查管道外观和规格尺寸。
事件二:开工前，项目部编制污水管道沟槽专项施工方案，确定开挖方法、支护结构安装和拆除等措施，经专家论证、审批通过后实施。
事件三:为保证沟槽填土质量，项目部采用对称回填、分层压实、每层检测等措施，以保证压实度达到设计要求，且控制管道径向变形率不超过3%。