应得客最新考试题

最新题目列表

48. In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart and2) give your comments.You should write at least 150 words.Write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)

Jamie Oliver seemed to believe that

Directions：Suppose you are organizing an online meeting. Write an email to Jack, an international student, to1) invite him to participate, and2) tell him the details.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write your address. (10 points)

Dinesh Bhugra suggested that

Directions：Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should1)interpret the chart, and2)give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)

Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government’s role in promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose "fat taxes" on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children about the dangers of a poor did.The demands follow comments made last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted that government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers such as McDonald's.They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain’s addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiraling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or excessive drinking."Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now. Arc we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be.” said the leader of (he UK' s children’s doctors.Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead. He said that manufacturers of crisps and candies could play a central role in the Change 4Life campaign, the centrepiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticized the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver s high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an example of how lecturing people was not the best way to change their behaviour.Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before 9 pm and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes--by setting strict limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events. he said.Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald s, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering "inducements such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: "If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.He also urged councils to impose "fast-food -free zones" around schools and hospitals-areas within which takeaways cannot open.A Department of Health spokesperson said: We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new responsibility deal with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this.The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade. [A] "fat taxes"should be imposed on fast-food producers such as McDonald'sAndrew Lansley held that[B] the government should ban fast-food outlets in the neighborhood of schools.Terence Stephenson agreed that [C]“lecturing” was an effective way to improve school lunches in England.Jamie Oliver seemed to believe that[D]cigarette-style warnings should be introduced to children about the dangers of a poor diet44 Dinesh Bhugra suggested that[E] the producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly to the Change4Life campaign.45.A Department of Health spokes person proposed that[F] parents should set good examples for their children by keeping a healthy diet at home. [G] the government should strengthen the sense of responsibility among businesses

Jay Dunwell

Jason Stenquist

Birgit Klohs

Rob Spohr

Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The decline in American manufacturing is a common refrain, particularly from Donald Trump. “We don’t make anything anymore,” he told Fox News, while defending his own made-in-Mexico clothing line.Without question, manufacturing has taken a significant hit during recent decades, and further trade deals raise questions about whether new shocks could hit manufacturing.But there is also a different way to look at the data.Across the country, factory owners are now grappling with a new challenge: Instead of having too many workers, they may end up with too few. Despite trade competition and outsourcing, American manufacturing still needs to replace tens of thousands of retiring boomers every year. Millennials may not be that interested in taking their place. Other industries are recruiting them with similar or better pay.For factory owners, it all adds up to stiff competition for workers – and upward pressure on wages. “They’re harder to find and they have job offers,” says Jay Dunwell, president of Wolverine Coil Spring, a family-owned firm. “They may be coming [into the workforce], but they’ve been plucked by other industries that are also doing as well as manufacturing,” Mr. Dunwell has begun bringing high school juniors to the factory so they can get exposed to its culture.At RoMan Manufacturing, a maker of electrical transformers and welding equipment that his father cofounded in 1980, Robert Roth keeps a close eye on the age of his nearly 200 workers. Five are retiring this year. Mr. Roth has three community-college students enrolled in a work- placement program, with a starting wage of $13 an hour that rises to $17 after two years.At a worktable inside the transformer plant, young Jason Stenquist looks flustered by the copper coils he’s trying to assemble and the arrival of two visitors. It’s his first week on the job. Asked about his choice of career, he says at high school he considered medical school before switching to electrical engineering. “I love working with tools. I love creating,” he says.But to win over these young workers, manufacturers have to clear another major hurdle: parents, who lived through the worst US economic downturn since the Great Depression, telling them to avoid the factory. Millennials “remember their father and mother both were laid off. They blame it on the manufacturing recession,” says Birgit Klohs, chief executive of The Right Place, a business development agency for western Michigan.These concerns aren’t misplaced: Employment in manufacturing has fallen from 17 million in 1970 to 12 million in 20When the recovery began, worker shortages first appeared in the high-skilled trades. Now shortages are appearing at the mid-skill levels.“The gap is between the jobs that take no skills and those that require a lot of skill,” says Rob Spohr, a business professor at Montcalm Community College. “There’re enough people to fill the jobs at McDonalds and other places where you don’t need to have much skill. It’s that gap in between, and that’s where the problem is.”Julie Parks of Grand Rapids Community College points to another key to luring Millennials into manufacturing: a work/life balance. While their parents were content to work long hours, young people value flexibility. “Overtime is not attractive to this generation. They really want to live their lives,” she says. says that he switched to electrical engineering because he loves workingwith tools. Jay Dunwellpoints out that there are enough people to fill the jobs that don’t need muchskill. Jason Stenquist points out that the US doesn’t manufacture anything anymore. Birgit Klohs believes that it is important to keep a close eye on the age of his workers. Rob Spohr[E] says that for factory owners, workers are harder to find because of stiffcompetition. Julie Parks[F] points out that a work / life balance can attract young people intomanufacturing. [G] says that the manufacturing recession is to blame for the lay-off of theyoung people’s parents.

Niccol o Machiavell

Samuel Smiles

Thomas Carlyle

“Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle Well, not any more it is not.Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from our forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus--On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus(or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, he championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artists personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samuel Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers. The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, of patient purpose, resolute working, and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formation of truly noble and manly character, exhibit, wrote Smiles, what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself. His biographies of James Watt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.Not everyone was convinced by such bombast. “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles,” wrote Marx and Engels in The Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles: "It is man, real living man who does all that. And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relation in which each epoch stood. For: Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past.This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding from gender to race to cultural studies--were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs [A]emphasized the virtue of classical heroes 41.Petrarch[B]highlighted the public glory of the leading artists.42.Niccol o Machiavell[C]focused on epochal figures whose lives were hard to imitate 43.Samuel Smiles[D]opened up new realms of understanding the great men in history.44.Thomas Carlyle[E]held that history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle45. Marx and Engels[F]dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful leaders [G]depicted the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers

[A] Give compliments, just not too many.[B]Put on a good face, always.[C] Tailor your interactions.[D] Spend time with everyone.[E] Reveal, don’t hide, information.[F] Slow down and listen.[G] Put yourselves in others’ shoes. Five Ways to Win Over Everyone in the OfficeIs it possible to like everyone in your office? Think about how tough it is to get together 15 people, much less 50, who all get along perfectly. But unlike in friendships, you need coworkers. You work with them every day, and whether they’re your boss, direct report or equal, you depend on them just as they depend on you. Here are some ways that you can get the whole office on your side.41. _______If you have a bone to pick with someone in your workplace, you may try to stay tight-lipped around them. But you won’t be helping either one of you. A Harvard Business School study found that observers consistently rated those who were upfront about themselves more highly, while those who hid lost trustworthiness. The lesson is not that you should make your personal life an open book, but rather, when given the option to offer up details about yourself or studiously stash them away, you should just be honest.42. _______Just as important as being honest about yourself is being receptive to others. We often feel the need to tell others how we feel, whether it’s a concern about a project, a stray thought, or a compliment. Those are all valid, but you need to take time to hear out your coworkers, too. In fact, rushing to get your own ideas out there can cause colleagues to feel you don’t value their opinions. Do your best to engage coworkers in a genuine, back-and-forth conversation, rather than prioritizing your own thoughts.43. _______It’s common to have a “cubicle mate” or special confidant in a work setting. But in addition to those trusted coworkers, you should expand your horizons and find out about all the people around you. Use your lunch and coffee breaks to meet up with colleagues you don’t always see. Find out about their lives and interests beyond the job. It requires minimal effort and goes a long way. This will help to grow your internal network, in addition to being a nice break in the work day.44. _______Positive feedback is important for anyone to hear. And you don’t have to be someone’s boss to tell them they did an exceptional job on a particular project. This will help engender good will in others. But don’t overdo it or be fake about it. One study found that people responded best to comments that shifted from negative to positive, possibly because it suggested they had won somebody over.45. _______This one may be a bit more difficult to pull off, but it can go a long way to achieving results. Remember in dealing with any coworker what they appreciate from an interaction. Watch out for how they verbalize with others. Some people like small talk in a meeting before digging into important matters, while others are more straightforward. Jokes that work on one person won’t necessarily land with another. So, adapt your style accordingly to type. Consider the person that you’re dealing with before each interaction and what will get you to your desired outcome.

[A] Live like a peasant[B] Balance your diet[C] Shopkeepers are your friends[D] Remember to treat yourself[E] Stick to what you need[F] Planning is everything[G] Waste not, want not The hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has £60 a week to spend, £40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning £130, 000 a year working in corporate communications and eating at London’s best restaurants at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious. “The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that I’d lost. But it’s still a day-by-day thing.” Now he’s living in a council ﬂat and fielding offers from literary agents. He’s feeling positive, but he’ll carry on blogging--not about eating as cheaply as you can--“there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food”--but eating well on a budget. Here’s his advice for economical foodies.41._______Impulsive spending isn’t an option, so plan your week’s menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it’s not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It’s also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being human, you’ll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.42. _______This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy. With them, there’s not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly, you’ll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in the supermarket chiller.43. _______You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer--that’s not good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and ﬁsh. Planning ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you’ll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to “go off” will be cooked or juiced.44. _______Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and ﬁsh- sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon you’ll feel comfortable asking if they’ve any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and ﬁsh heads for stock which, more often than not, they’ll let you have for free.45. _______You won’t be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant--£1.75 a week for three months gives you £21--more than enough for a three-course lunch at Michelin-starred Arbutus. It’s £16.95 there--or £12.99 for a large pizza from Domino’s: I know which I’d rather eat.

此题为新题型

It is easy to underestimate English writer James Herriot. He had such a pleasant, readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it. How many times have I heard people say, “I could write a book. I just haven’t the time.” Easily said. Not so easily done. James Herriot, contrary to popular opinion, did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it, “having a go at the writing game”. While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent, the final, polished work that he gave to the world was the result of years of practising, re-writing and reading. Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed. Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literary field was no exception.

此题为新题型

Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and not just by big companies.

[A] Be silly[B] Have fun[C] Ask for help[D] Express your emotions[E] Don’t over think it[F] Be easily pleased[G] Notice thingsAct Your Shoe Size, Not Your AgeAs adults, it seems that we are constantly pursuing happiness, often with mixed results. Yet children appear to have it down to an art--and for the most part they don’t need self-help books or therapy. Instead, they look after their wellbeing instinctively, and usually more effectively than we do as grownups. Perhaps it’s time to learn a few lessons from them.41. _______What does a child do when he’s sad? He cries. When he’s angry? He shouts. Scared? Probably a bit of both. As we grow up, we learn to control our emotions so they are manageable and don’t dictate our behaviours, which is in many ways a good thing. But too often we take this process too far and end up suppressing emotions, especially negative ones. That’s about as effective as brushing dirt under a carpet and can even make us ill. What we need to do is find a way to acknowledge and express what we feel appropriately, and then--again, like children--move on.42. _______A couple of Christmases ago, my youngest stepdaughter, who was nine years old at the time, got a Superman T-shirt for Christmas. It cost less than a fiver but she was overjoyed, and couldn’t stop talking about it. Too often we believe that a new job, bigger house or better car will be the magic silver bullet that will allow us to finally be content, but the reality is these things have very little lasting impact on our happiness levels. Instead, being grateful for small things every day is a much better way to improve wellbeing.43. _______Have you ever noticed how much children laugh? If we adults could indulge in a bit of silliness and giggling, we would reduce the stress hormones in our bodies, increase good hormones like endorphins, improve blood ﬂow to our hearts and even have a greater chance of fighting off infection. All of which would, of course, have a positive effect on our happiness levels.44. _______The problem with being a grownup is that there’s an awful lot of serious stuff to deal with--work, mortgage payments, figuring out what to cook for dinner. But as adults we also have the luxury of being able to control our own diaries and it’s important that we schedule in time to enjoy the things we love. Those things might be social, sporting, creative or completely random (dancing around the living room, anyone?)--it doesn’t matter, so long as they’re enjoyable, and not likely to have negative side effects, such as drinking too much alcohol or going on a wild spending spree if you’re on a tight budget.45. _______Having said all of the above, it’s important to add that we shouldn’t try too hard to be happy. Scientists tell us this can backfire and actually have a negative impact on our wellbeing. As the Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzu is reported to have said: “Happiness is the absence of striving for happiness.” And in that, once more, we need to look to the example of our children, to whom happiness is not a goal but a natural byproduct of the way they live.

My dream has always been to work somewhere in an area between fashion and publishing. Two years before graduating from secondary school, I took a sewing and design course thinking that I would move on to a fashion design course. However, during that course I realised I was not good enough in this area to compete with other creative personalities in the future, so I decided that it was not the right path for me. Before applying for university I told everyone that I would study journalism, because writing was, and still is, one of my favourite activities. But, to be honest, I said it, because I thought that fashion and me together was just a dream—I knew that no one could imagine me in the fashion industry at all! So I decided to look for some fashion-related courses that included writing. This is when I noticed the course “Fashion Media & Promotion.”

When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valsey or to hospitals and universities in the developed world. These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates. Lots of studies have found that well-education people form developing counting are particularly likely to emigrants , A big survey of Indian households in 2004found that nearly 40% of emigrants had morn than a high-school education ,compared with around 3% of all Indian over the age of This "brain drain" has long bothered policymakers in poor counties .They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled worker who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospital and come up with clever new product for their factories to make

此题为新题型

It’s almost impossible to go through life without experiencing some kind of failure. But, the wonderful thing about failure is that it’s entirely up to us to decide how to look at it.We can choose to see failure as “the end of the world,” or we can look at failure as the incredible learning experience that it often is. Every time we fail at something, we can choose to look for the lesson we’re meant to learn. These lessons are very important; they’re how we grow, and how we keep from making that same mistake again. Failures stop us only if we let them.Failure can also teach us things about ourselves that we would never have learned otherwise. For instance, failure can help you discover how strong a person you are. Failing at something can help you discover your truest friends, or help you find unexpected motivation to succeed.

Emerging in the late Sixties and reaching a peak in the Seventies, Land Art was one of a range of new forms, including Body Art, Performance Art, Action Art and Installation Art, which pushed art beyond the traditional confines of the studio and gallery. Rather than portraying landscape, land artists used the physical substance of the land itself as their medium. The message of this survey of the British land art--the most comprehensive to date--is that the British variant, typified by Richard Long’s piece, was not only more domestically scaled, but a lot quirkier than its American counterpart. Indeed, while you might assume that an exhibition of Land Art would consist only of records of works rather than the works themselves, Long’s photograph of his work is the work. Since his “action” is in the past, the photograph is its sole embodiment. That might seem rather an obscure point, but it sets the tone for an exhibition that contains a lot of black-and-white photographs and relatively few natural objects. Long is Britain’s best-known Land Artist and his Stone Circle, a perfect ring of purplish rocks from Portishead beach laid out on the gallery floor, represents the elegant, rarefied side of the form. The Boyle Family, on the other hand, stand for its dirty, urban aspect. Comprising artists Mark Boyle and Joan Hills and their children, they recreated random sections of the British landscape on gallery walls. Their Olaf Street Study, a square of brick-strewn waste ground, is one of the few works here to embrace the commonplaceness that characterises most of our experience of the landscape most of the time. Parks feature, particularly in the earlier works, such as John Hilliard’s very funny Across the Park, in which a long-haired stroller is variously smiled at by a pretty girl and unwittingly assaulted in a sequence of images that turn out to be different parts of the same photograph. Generally however British land artists preferred to get away from towns, gravitating towards landscapes that are traditionally considered beautiful such as the Lake District or the Wiltshire Downs. While it probably wasn’t apparent at the time, much of this work is permeated by a spirit of romantic escapism that the likes of Wordsworth would have readily understood. Derek Jarman’s yellow-tinted film Towards Avebury, a collection of long, mostly still shots of the Wiltshire landscape, evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching from Samuel Palmer to Paul Nash. In the case of Hamish Fulton, you can’t help feeling that the Scottish artist has simply found a way of making his love of walking pay. A typical work, such as Seven Days, consists of a single beautiful black-and-white photograph taken on an epic walk, with the mileage and number of days taken listed beneath. British Land Art as shown in this well selected, but relatively modestly scaled exhibition wasn’t about imposing on the landscape, more a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art created passing through. It had its origins in the great outdoors, but the results were as gallery-bound as the paintings of Turner and Constable. [A] originates from a long walk that the artist took. Stone Circle [B] illustrates a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art. Olaf Street Study [C] reminds people of the English landscape painting tradition. Across the Park [D] represents the elegance of the British land art. Towards Avebury [E] depicts the ordinary side of the British land art. Seven days [F] embodies a romantic escape into the Scottish outdoors. [G] contains images from different parts of the same photograph.

I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was, what happened in the news and even the day of the week. I’ve been able to do this since I was four.I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs. My mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly. When I think of a sad memory, I do what everybody does--try to put it to one side. I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acute or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before. I also remember that the musical play Hair opened on Broadway on the same day--they both just pop into my mind in the same way.

本题为新题型

The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors. The reason for this is simple: The longer you stay in the store, the more stuff you’ll see, and the more stuff you see, the more you’ll buy. And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff. The average supermarket, according to the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44,000 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more. The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload. According to brain-scan experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us. After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selective, and instead begin shopping emotionally--which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.

Most people would define optimism as being endlessly happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half full. But that’s exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimism means being in touch with reality,” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor. According to Ben-Shahar, realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best. Ben-Shahar uses three optimistic exercises. When he feels down--say, after giving a bad lecture--he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction. He analyzes the weak lecture, learning lessons for the future about what works and what doesn’t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the grand scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter.

[A] Just say it[B] Be present[C] Pay a unique compliment[D] Name, places, things[E] Find the “me too”s[F] Skip the small talk[G] Ask for an opinionFive ways to make conversation with anyoneConversations are links, which means when you have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment will strengthen the link.You meet new people every day: the grocery worker, the cab driver, new people at work or the security guard at the door. Simply starting a conversation with them will form a link.Here are five simple ways that you can make the first move and start a conversation with strangers.Suppose you are in a room with someone you don’t know and something within you says “I want to talk with this person”—this is something that mostly happens with all of us. You wanted to say something—the first word—but it just won’t come out, it feels like it is stuck somewhere. I know the feeling and here is my advice: just get it out.Just think: what is the worst that could happen? They won’t talk with you? Well, they are not talking with you now!I truly believe that once you get that first word out everything else will just ﬂow. So keep it simple: “Hi”, “Hey” or “Hello”—do the best you can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy you can, put on a big smile and say “Hi”.It’s a problem all of us face; you have limited time with the person that you want to talk with and you want to make this talk memorable.Honestly, if we got stuck in the rut of “hi”, “hello”, “how are you?” and “what’s going on?”, you will fail to give the initial jolt to the conversation that can make it so memorable.So don’t be afraid to ask more personal questions. Trust me, you’ll be surprised to see how much people are willing to share if you just ask.When you meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which you and that person have in common so that you can build the conversation from that point. When you start conversation from there and then move outwards, you’ll find all of a sudden that the conversation becomes a lot easier.Imagine you are pouring your heart out to someone and they are just busy on their phone, and if you ask for their attention you get the response “I can multitask”.So when someone tries to communicate with you, just be in that communication wholeheartedly. Make eye contact. Trust me, eye contact is where all the magic happens. When you make eye contact, you can feel the conversation.You all came into a conversation where you first met the person, but after some time you may have met again and have forgotten their name. Isn’t that awkward!So, remember the little details of the people you met or you talked with; perhaps the places they have been to, the places they want to go, the things they like, the things they hate—whatever you talk about.When you remember such things you can automatically become investor in their wellbeing. So they feel a responsibility to you to keep that relationship going.That’s it. Five amazing ways that you can make conversation with almost anyone. Every person is a really good book to read, or to have a conversation with!

此题为新题型

A fifth grader gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations. He ticks “astronaut” but quickly adds “scientist” to the list and selects it as well. The boy is convinced that if he reads enough, he can explore as many career paths as he likes. And so he reads—everything from encyclopedias to science fiction novels. He reads so passionately that his parents have to institute a “no reading policy” at the dinner table.That boy was Bill Gates, and he hasn’t stopped reading yet—not even after becoming one of the most successful people on the planet. Nowadays, his reading material has changed from science fiction and reference books: recently, he revealed that he reads at least 50 nonfiction books a year. Gates chooses nonfiction titles because they explain how the world works. “Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge,” Gates says.

此题为新题型

Think about driving a route that’s very familiar. It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home. Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand. On these sorts of trips it’s easy to lose concentration on the driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery. The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has. This is the well-travelled road effect: People tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention. When we travel down a well-known route, because we don’t have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly. And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can’t remember the journey well because we didn’t pay much attention to it. So we assume it was shorter.

I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底的) way about moral problems.

此题为新题型

His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.

I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.

[A] You are not alone[B] Don’t fear responsibility for your life[C] Pave your own unique path[D] Most of your fears are unreal[E] Think about the present moment[F] Experience helps you grow[G] There are many things to be grateful for Some Old Truths to Help You Overcome Tough TimesUnfortunately, life is not a bed of roses. We are going through life facing sad experiences. Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss: a friendship, a romantic relationship or a house. Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the most inopportune time, but you should remember that they won’t last forever.When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater understanding and respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make us mature and eventually move us toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these old truths I’ve learned along the way.41. _______.Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us by signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. My favorite actor Will Smith once said, “Fear is not real. It is a product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand me. Danger is very real. But fear is a choice. ” I do completely agree that fears are just the product of our luxuriant imagination. 42. _______.If you are surrounded by problems and cannot stop thinking about the past, try to focus on the present moment. Many of us are weighed down by the past or anxious about the future. You may feel guilt over your past, but you are poisoning the present with the things and circumstances you cannot change. Value the present moment and remember how fortunate you are to be alive. Enjoy the beauty of the world around and keep the eyes open to see the possibilities before you. Happiness is not a point of future and not a moment from the past, but a mindset that can be designed into the present. 43. _______.Sometimes it is easy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You can be easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things you have. Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about something. 44. _______.No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is, you should always remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants to help you if you are trying to make a good change in your life, especially your dearest and nearest people. You may have a circle of friends who provide constant good humor, help and companionship. If you have no friends or relatives, try to participate in several online communities, full of people who are always willing to share advice and encouragement. 45. _______.Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance by gaining objectivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and show that you are incapable of managing your own life. When you are struggling to achieve something important you should believe in yourself and be sure that your decision is the best. You live in your skin, think your own thoughts, have your own values and make your own choices.

But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.

本题为新题型

Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckbergen told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected Americans. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not Americans, who have become anti-intellectual.First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? (46)I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底的) way about moral problems. He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. (47)His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals --- the average scientist for one 48)I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties.--- he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. (49)But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.The definition also excludes the majority of factors, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living (50)They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority eminent scholars .“Being learned in some branch of human knowledge in one thing, living in public and industrious thoughts,” as Emerson would say ,“is something else.”

Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.

On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.

On the north bank of the Ohio River sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino where gambling games are played. During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,0He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $8The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a Fun Card, which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user's gambling activities. For Williams, these activities become what he calls electronic heroin. (41)______________. In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,1He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat locked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.In March 1998, a friend of Williams’ s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’ s gamblers. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a” cease admissions” letter noting the medical/psychological nature of problem gambling behaviors, the letter said that before being readmitted to the patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety have to his safety or well-being.(42) ______________.The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 20 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun ... and always bet with your head, not over it”. Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams’ s suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling”, intentionally worked to ”love” him to “engage in conduct against his will” well.(43) ______________.The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling” involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of taking risks in quest of a windfall,(44) ______________.Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.(45) ______________.Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on --you might say --addicted to--revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers' dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of NEWSWEEK reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web's most profitable business.[A]Although no such evidence was presented, the casino's marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.[B]It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?[C]By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.[D]Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is government. [E]David Williams’ s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it.[F]It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will. [G]The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conductive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?

But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.

In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.

本题为新题型

The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European university. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46)Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47)On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48)But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49)In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50)While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.

本题为新题型

“Sustainability” has become a popular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed through everyday action and choice.Ning recalls spending a confusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He’d been through the dot-com boom and burst and, desperate for a job, signed on with a Boulder agency.It didn’t go well. “It was a really bad move because that’s not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. “I was miserable, I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said, ‘Just wait, you’ll turn the corner, give it some time.’ ”

Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)①We tend to think that friends and family members are our biggest sources of connection, laughter, and warmth. ②While that may well be true, researchers have also recently found that interacting with strangers actually brings a boost in mood and feelings of belonging that we didn't expect.①In one series of studies, researchers instructed Chicago-area commuters using public transportation to strike up a conversation with someone near them. ②On average, participants who followed this instruction felt better than those who had been told to stand or sit in silence. ③The researchers also argued that when we shy away from casual interactions with strangers, it is often due to a misplaced anxiety that they might not want to talk to us. ④Much of the time, however, this belief is false. ⑤As it turns out, many people are actually perfectly willing to talk—and may even be flattered to receive your attention.

[A] Set a Good Example for Your Kids[B] Build Your Kids’ Work Skills[C] Place Time Limits on Leisure Activities[D] Talk about the Future on a Regular Basis[E] Help Kids Develop Coping Strategies[F] Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They Are[G] Build Your Kids’ Sense of ResponsibilityHow Can a Parent Help?Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes, that parents can take to prevent what call “work-life unreadiness.”41. You can start this process when they are 11 or Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.42. Kids need a range of authentic role models – as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.” They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.43. Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities.44. Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.45. They should know how to deal with setbacks, stress and feeling of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill conceived as it may seem) while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.

翻译

How to disagree with someone more powerful than you①Your boss proposes a new initiative you think won’t work. ②Your senior colleague outlines a project timeline you believe is unrealistic. ③What do you say when you disagree with someone who has more power than you do? ④How do you decide whether it’s worth speaking up? ⑤And if you do, what exactly should you say?⑥Here’s how to disagree with someone more powerful than you.41. .①You may decide it’s best to hold off on voicing your opinion. ②Maybe you haven’t finished thinking the problem through, or you want to get a clearer sense of what the group thinks. ③If you think other people are going to disagree too, you might want to gather your army first. ④People can contribute experience or information to your thinking—all the things that would make the disagreement stronger or more valid. ⑤It’s also a good idea to delay the conversation if you are in a meeting or other public space. ⑥Discussing the issue in private will make the powerful person feel less threatened.42. .①Before you share your thoughts, think about what the powerful person cares about—it may be the credibility of their team or getting a project done on time. ②You’re more likely to be heard if you can connect your disagreement to a higher purpose. ③When you do speak up, don’t assume the link will be clear. ④You’ll want to state it overtly, contextualizing your statements so that you’re seen not as a disagreeable subordinate but as a colleague who’s trying to advance a common objective. ⑤The discussion will then become more like a chess game than a boxing match.43. .①This step may sound overly deferential, but it’s a smart way to give the powerful person psychological safety and control. ②You can say something like, “I know we seem to be moving toward a first-quarter commitment here. ③I have reasons to think that won’t work. ④I’d like to lay out my reasoning. ⑤Would that be OK?” ⑥This gives the person a choice, allowing him to verbally opt in. ⑦And, assuming he says yes, it will make you feel more confident about voicing your disagreement.44. .①You might feel your heart racing or your face turning red, but do whatever you can to remain neutral in both your words and actions. ②When your body language communicates reluctance or anxiety, it undercuts the message. ③It sends a mixed message, and your counterpart gets to choose what signals to read. ④Deep breaths can help, as can speaking more slowly and deliberately. ⑤When we feel panicky, we tend to talk louder and faster. ⑥Simply slowing the pace and talking in an even tone helps the other person cool down and does the same for you. ⑦It also makes you seem confident, even if you aren’t.45. .①Emphasize that you’re only offering your opinion, not gospel truth. ②It may be a well-informed, well-researched opinion, but it’s still an opinion, so talk tentatively and slightly understate your confidence. ③Instead of saying: “If we set an end-of-quarter deadline, we will never make it,” say, “This is just my opinion, but I don’t see how we will make that deadline.” ④Having asserted your opinion (as a position, not as a fact), demonstrate equal curiosity about other views. ⑤Remind the person that this is your point of view, and then invite critique. ⑥Be open to hearing other opinions.”

新题型

有人提出，应当把“孝”作为选拔官员的一项标准，理由是，一个没有孝心、连自己父母都不孝顺的人，怎么能忠诚地为国家和社会尽职尽责呢？我不赞同这种观点。现在已经是21世纪了，我们的思想意识怎么能停留在封建时代呢？选拔官员要考察其“德、勤、能、绩”，我赞同应当把“德”作为首要标准。然而，对一个官员来说最重要的是公德而不是私德。“孝”只是一种私德而已。选拔和评价官员，偏重私德而忽视公德，显然是舍本逐末。什么是公德？一言以蔽之，就是忠诚职守，在封建社会是忠于君主，现在则是忠于国家。自古道“忠孝难两全”。岳飞抗击金兵，常年征战沙场，未能在母亲膝下尽孝，却成了千古传颂的英雄。反观《二十四孝》里的那些孝子，有哪个成就了名垂青史的功业？孔繁森撇下老母，远离家乡，公而忘私，殉职边疆，显然未尽孝道，但你能指责他是个不合格的官员吗？俗话说“人无完人”，如果在选拔官员时拘泥于小节而不注意大局，就会把许多胸怀鸿鹄之志的精英们拒之门外，而让那些守望燕雀小巢的庸才占据领导岗位。

科学家在一个孤岛上的猴群中做了一个实验。将一种新口味的糖让猴群中地位最低的猴子品尝，等它认可之后再让猴群其它成员品尝，花了大约20天左右，整个猴群才接受了这种糖。将另一种新口味的糖让猴群中地位最高的猴王品尝，等它认可后再让猴群其他成员品尝。两天，整个猴群就都接受了该种糖。看来，猴群中存在着权威，而权威对于新鲜事物的态度直接影响群体接受新鲜事物的进程。市场营销也是如此，如果希望推动人们接受某种新商品，应当首先影响引领时尚的文化明星，如果位于时尚高端的消费者对于某种新商品不接受，该商品一定会遭遇失败。这个实验对于企业组织的变革也有指导意义。如果希望变革能够迅速取得成功，应当自上而下展开，这样做遭遇的阻力较小，容易得到组织成员的支持。当然，猴群乐于接受糖这种好吃的东西，如果给猴王品尝苦涩的黄连，即使猴王希望其它猴子接受，猴群也不会干。因此，如果组织变革使某些组织成员吃尽苦头，组织领导者再努力也只能以失败而告终。

1000是100的十倍。但是当分母大到上百亿的时候，作为分子的这两个数的差别就失去了意义。在知识经济时代，任何人所掌握的知识，都是沧海一粟。这使得在培养与选拔人才时，知识尺度也变得毫无意义。现代网络技术可以使你在最短的时间内查询到你所需要的任何知识信息，有的大学毕业生因此感叹何必要为学习各种知识数年寒窗。这不无道理。传授知识不应当继续成为教育，特别是高等教育的功能。学校知识需要记忆，记忆能力，是浅层次的大脑功能，人们在思维方面的差异不在于能记住什么，而是在于能提出什么。素质教育的真正目标，是培养批判性思维与创造性思维能力。知识与此种能力之间没有实质性联系，否则就难以解释，具备与爱因斯坦相同知识背景的人有的是，为什么唯独他发现了相对论。硕士、博士这些知识头衔的实际价值一直受到有识之士的质疑，道理就在这里。“知识就是力量”这一曾经激励了几代人的口号，正在成为空洞的历史回声，这其实是时代的进步。

……即使一个人具备管理天赋和领导潜质，教育也不能将经验灌入到头脑中。换句话说，试图向一个未曾从事过管理工作的人传授管理学，不啻于向一个从未见过其他人类的人传授哲学……

“……还有，一个人受教育程度越高，他的整体素质也就越高，适应能力就越强，当然也就越容易就业，大学生显然比其他社会群体更容易就业，再说大学生就业难就没有道理了。”

某管理咨询公司最近公布了一份洋快餐行业发展情况分析报告，对洋快餐在中国的发展趋势给出了相当乐观的预判。该报告指出，过去5年中，洋快餐在大城市中的网点数每年以40%的惊人速度增长，而在中国广大的中小城市和乡镇还有广阔的市场成长空间，照此速度发展下去，预计在未来的10年，洋快餐在中国饮食行业的市场占有率将超过20%，成为中国百姓饮食的重要选择。……该公司去年在100家洋快餐店内进行的大量问卷调查结果显示，超过90%的中国消费者认为食用洋快餐对于个人的营养均衡有所帮助。而已经喜爱上洋快餐的未成年人在未来成为更有消费能力的成年群体之后，洋快餐的市场需求会大幅度跃升……

把几只蜜蜂和苍蝇放进一只平放的玻璃瓶，使瓶底对着光亮处，瓶口对着暗处。结果，有目标地朝着光亮拼命扑腾的蜜蜂最终衰竭而死，而无目的地乱窜的苍蝇竟都溜出细口瓶颈逃生。是什么葬送了蜜蜂？是它对既定方向的执着，是它对趋光习性这一规则的遵循。当今企业面临的最大挑战是经营环境的模糊性与不确定性。在高科技企业，哪怕只预测几个月后的技术趋势都是件浪费时间的徒劳之举。就像蜜蜂或苍蝇一样，企业经常面临一个像玻璃瓶那样的不可思议的环境。蜜蜂的经验告诉我们，在充满不确定性的经营环境中，企业需要的不是朝着既定方向的执着努力，而是在随机试错的过程中寻求生路，不是对规则的遵循而是对规则的突破。在一个经常变化的世界里，混乱的行动比有序的衰亡好得多。

在全球9家航空公司的140份订单得到确认后，世界最大的民用飞机制造商之一空中客车公司2005年10月6日宣布将在全球正式启动其全新的A350远程客机项目。中国、俄罗斯等国作为合作伙伴也被邀请参与A350飞机的研发与生产过程。其中，中国将承担A350飞机5%的设计和制造工作。这意味着未来空中客车公司每销售100架A350飞机，就将有5架由中国制造……

甲：有人以中医不能被西方人普遍接受为理由，否定中医的科学性，我不赞同。西方人不能普遍接受中医是因为他们不理解中国的传统文化。乙：世界上有不同的文化，但科学标准是相同的。科学研究的对象是普适的自然规律，因此，科学没有国界，科学的发展不受民族或文化因素的影响。将中医的科学地位不为西方科学界认可归咎于西方人不了解中国文化，是荒唐的。甲：“科学无国界”是一个广为流传的谬误。如果科学真的无国界，为什么外国制药公司会诉讼中国企业侵犯其知识产权？乙：从科学角度看，现代医学以生物学为基础，而生物学又建立在物理，化学等学科的基础之上。但中医的发展不以这些学科为基础。因此，它与科学不兼容，这样的东西只能是伪科学。甲：中医有几千年的历史了，治好了那么多人，怎么可能是伪科学呢？人们为什么崇尚科学？是因为科学对人类有用。既然中医对人类有用，凭什么说它不是科学？西医自然有长于中医的地方，但中医同样有长于西医之处。中医体现了对人体完整系统的把握，强调整体观念，系统思维，就是西医所欠缺的。乙：我去医院看西医，人家用现代科技手段从头到脚给我检查一遍，怎么能说没有整体观念，系统思维呢？中医在中国居于主导地位的时候，中国人的平均寿命在古代和近代都只有三十岁左右。现代中国人平均寿命提高到七十岁左右，完全拜现代医学所赐。

边上的某点D开凿一条隧道到点A，要求隧道长度最短，已知AB长为5km，AC长为12km，则所开凿的隧道AD的长度约为（　　）。

有一段时期，我国部分行业出现了生产过剩现象，一些经济学家对此忧心忡忡，建议政府采取措施加以应对，以免造成资源浪费，影响国民经济正常运行。这种建议看似有理，其实未必正确。首先，我国部分行业出现生产过剩，并不是真正的生产过剩，道理很简单。在市场经济条件下，生产过剩实际上只是一种假象。只要生产企业开拓市场，刺激需求，就能扩大销售，生产过剩马上就可以化解。退一步说，即使出现了真正的生产过剩，市场本身也会进行自动调节。其次，经济运行是一个动态变化的过程，产品的供求不可能达到绝对的平衡状态。因而生产过剩是市场经济的常识现象。既然如此，那么生产过剩也就是经济运行的客观规律。因此，如果让政府采取措施进行干预，那就违背了经济运行的客观规律。再说，生产过剩总比生产不足好。如果政府的干预使生产过剩变成了生产不足，问题就会更大。因为生产过剩未必会造成浪费，反而会增加物资储备以应对不时之需。如果生产不足，就势必会造成供不应求的现象，让人们重新去过缺衣少食的日子，那就会影响社会的和谐与稳定。总之，我们应该合理定位政府在经济运行中的作用。政府要有所为，有所不为。政府应该管好民生问题。至于生产过剩和不足，应该让市场自行调节，政府不必干预。

若△ABC的三边为a，b，c，满足a2＋b2＋c2＝ab＋ac＋bc，则△ABC为（　　）。

阅读以下文字，请分析其论证在概念、论证方法、论据及结论等方面的有效性，600字左右。1000是100的十倍，但是当分母大到百亿的时候，作为分子的这两个数的差别就失去意义。在知识经济时代，任何人所掌握的知识，都只是沧海一粟。这使得在培养与选拔人才时，知识尺度也变得毫无意义。现代网络技术可以使你在最短的时间内查询到你所需要的任何知识信息，有的大学毕业生因此感叹何必要为学习各种知识数年寒窗，这不无道理。传授知识不应当继续成为教育，特别是高等教育的功能。学习知识需要记忆。记忆能力，是浅层次的大脑功能。人们在思维方面的差异，不在于能记住什么，而在于能提出什么。素质教育的真正目标，是培养批判性思维与创造性思维能力。知识与此种能力之间没有实质性的联系，否则就难以解释，具备与爱因斯坦相同知识背景的人多的是，为什么唯独他发现了相对论。硕士、博士这些知识头衔的实际价值一再受到有识之士的质疑，道理就在这里。“知识就是力量”这一曾经激励了几代人的口号，正在成为空洞的历史回声，这其实是时代的进步。

△ABC的边长分别为a，b，c，则△ABC为直角三角形。（　　）（1）（c2－a2－b2）（a2－b2）＝0；（2）△ABC的面积为ab/2。

阅读以下文字，请分析其论证在概念、论证方法、论据及结论等方面的有效性，600字左右。没有天生的外科医生，也没有天生的会计师，它们都是专业化的工作，需要经过正规的培训，而这种培训最开始是在教室里进行的，当然，学生们必须具备使用手术刀或是操作键盘的能力，但是他们首先得接受专门的教育。领导者则不一样，天生的领导者是存在的，事实上，任何一个社会中的领导者都只能是天生的，领导和管理本身就是生活，而不是某个人能够从教室中学习来的技术。教育可以帮助一个具有领导经验和生活经验的人提高到更高的层次，但是，即使一个人具备管理天赋和领导潜质，教育也不能将经验灌入到头脑中，换句话说，试图向一个未曾从事过管理工作的人传授管理学，不啻于向一个从未见过其他人类的人传授哲学。组织是一个复杂的有机体，对它的管理是一种困难的、微妙的工作，需要的是各种各样只能在身临其境时才能得到的体验。总之，MBA教育试图把管理传授给一个毫无实践经验的人是种浪费，更糟糕的是，它是对管理的一种贬低。

分析下面的论证在概念、论证方法、论据及结论等方面的有效性，600字左右。实验人员先把一锅水煮沸，然后把一只青蛙扔进锅里，在这生死存亡的关头，这只青蛙的反应相当敏捷，它双腿一蹬，竟跳出锅外。隔了半小时，实验人员又架起一只锅，注满常温的清水，然后把那只青蛙扔进锅里。这一回，青蛙游得逍遥自在。实验人员则悄悄在锅下面加热，青蛙并不在意，仍然一副优哉优哉的样子。等到水不断升温、青蛙感到难以忍受时，它再也没有那一跃而起的力量，最终只得葬身锅底。青蛙试验告诉我们，越是危险的市场环境，越能激发企业的警觉和生命力，企业实际上也就越安全。相反，越是舒适的环境，也就越危险，因为置身于舒适的环境之中必然会丧失警觉，逐渐形成一种固定的习惯和模式。一个企业，一旦陷入了这种固定的习惯和模式之中，就会缺乏对环境的敏感度。由于环境每时每刻都在改变，所以，不变的企业不久之后只会被变化了的市场所淘汰。因此，一个好的企业就必须有勇气打破和抛弃一切原有的习惯和模式，并自觉地把自己投入到危险的市场环境之中去。

分析下面的论证在概念、论证方法、论据及结论等方面的有效性，600字左右。我国的个人所得税从1980年开始征收，当时起征点为800元人民币。最近几年起征点为2000元，个人所得税总额逐年上升，已经超过2000亿元。随着居民基本生活开支的上涨，国家决定从2011年9月将个税起征点提高到3500元，顺应了大多数人的意愿。从个人短期利益上来看，提高起征点确实能减少一部分中低收入者的税收，看似有利于普通老百姓。但是，如果冷静地进行分析，其结果却正好相反。中国实行税收累进率制度，也就是说工资越高所缴纳的税率也就越高。请设想，如果将2000元的个税起征点提高到10000元。虽然，极少数月工资超过30000元的人可能缴更多的税，但是绝大多数人的个税会减少，只是减少的数额不同。原来工资低于2000元的，1分钱的好处也没有得到；拿2000元工资的人只是减轻了几十元的税；而拿8000元工资的人则减轻了几百元的税收。收入越高，减少的越多，贫富差距自然会被进一步拉大。同时，由于税收起征点上调，国家收到的税收大幅度减少，政府就更没有能力为中低收入者提供医疗、保险、教育等公共服务，结果还是对穷人不利。所以说，建议提高个税起征点的人，或者是听到提高起征点就高兴的人，在捅破这层窗户纸以后，也不得不承认这一客观真理：提高个税起征点有利于富人，不利于一般老百姓。如果不局限在经济层面讨论问题，转到从社会与政治角度考虑，问题就更清楚了。原来以2000元为起征点，有50％以上为非纳税人，如果提高到3500元，中国的纳税人就只剩下20％了。80％的国民不纳税，必定会引起政治权利的失衡。降低起征点，扩大纳税人的比例，不仅可以缩小贫富差距，还可以培养全民的公民意识。纳税者只有承担了纳税义务，才能享受纳税者的权利。如果没有纳税，人们对国家就会失去主人翁的责任感，就不可能有强烈的公民意识，也就会失去或放弃监督政府部门的权利。所以，为了培养全国民众的公民意识，为了缩小贫富差距，为了建设和谐社会，我们应该适当降低个税起征点。

如图3-6所示，已知AE＝3AB，BF＝2BC，若△ABC的面积为2，则△AEF的面积为（　　）。

论证有效性分析：分析下述论证中存在的缺陷和漏洞，选择若干要点，写一篇600字左右的文章，对该论证的有效性进行分析和评述。（论证有效性分析的一般要求是：概念特别是核心概念的界定和使用是否准确并前后一致，有无各种明显的逻辑错误，论证的论据是否成立并支持结论，结论成立的条件是否充分。）如果你要从股市中赚钱，就必须低价买进股票，高价卖出股票，这是人人都明白的基本道理，但是，问题的关键在于如何判断股价的高低。只有正确地判断股价的高低，上述的基本道理才有意义，否则就毫无实用价值。股价的高低是一个相对的概念，只有通过比较才能显现。一般来说，要正确判断某一股票的价格高低，唯一的途径就是看它的历史表现，但是，当有人在判断某一股价的高低时，不注重股票的历史表现，而只注重股票今后的走势，这是一种危险的行为，因为股票的历史表现是一种客观事实，客观事实具有无可争辩的确定性。股票的今后走势只是一种主观预测，主观预测具有极大的不确定性。我们怎么可以只凭主观预测而不顾客观事实呢？再说，股价的未来走势充满各种变数，它的涨和跌不是必然的，而是或然的，我们只能借助概率进行预测，假如宏观经济、市场态势和个股的表现均好，它的上涨概率就大；假如宏观经济、市场态势和个股的表现不好，它的上涨概率就小；假如宏观经济，市场态势和个股的表现不相一致，它的上涨概率就需要酌情而定。由此可见，要从股市获取利益，第一是要掌握股价涨跌的概率，第二还是要掌握股价涨跌的概率，第三也是掌握股价涨跌的概率，掌握了股价涨跌的概率，你就能赚钱，否则，就会赔钱。

如图3-7所示，长方形ABCD的两条边长分别为8m和6m，四边形OEFG的面积是4m2，则阴影部分的面积为（　　）。

分析下面的论证在概念、论证方法、论据及结论等方面的有效性，600字左右。自从六个月前我们公司开始制造和销售一款高级的空气过滤器，而经济型过滤器的销售量以及公司的利润都有明显的下降。虽然高级的过滤器比经济型过滤器多卖了50％，但是高级过滤器两个月才需要更新，而经济型的一个月就需要更新。为了增加经济型过滤器的销售量以取得最大的利润，我们应该停止高级空气过滤器的销售并把我们所有的广告都用来宣传我们的经济型过滤器。

有一批同规格的正方形瓷砖，用它们铺满整个正方形区域时剩余180块，将此正方形区域的边长增加一块瓷砖的长度时，还需要增加21块才能铺满，该批瓷砖共有（　　）。

下文摘录于某投资公司的一份商业计划，对其论证进行评论。分析上述论证在概念、论证方法、论据及结论等方面的有效性。把几只蜜蜂和苍蝇放进一只平放的玻璃瓶，使瓶底对着光亮处，瓶口对着暗处。结果，有目标地朝着光亮拼命扑腾的蜜蜂最终衰竭而死，而无目的地乱窜的苍蝇竟都溜出细口瓶颈逃生。是什么葬送了蜜蜂？是它对既定方向的执着，是它对趋光习性这一规则的遵循。当今企业面临的最大挑战是经营环境的模糊性与不确定性。在高科技企业，哪怕只预测几个月后的技术趋势都是件浪费时间的徒劳之举。就像蜜蜂或苍蝇一样，企业经常面临一个像玻璃瓶那样的不可思议的环境。蜜蜂的经验告诉我们，在充满不确定性的经营环境中，企业需要的不是朝着既定方向的执着努力，而是在随机试错的过程中寻求生路；不是对规则的遵循，而是对规则的突破。在一个经常变化的世界里，混乱的行动比有序的衰亡好得多。

如图3-8所示，三个边长为1的正方形所覆盖区域（实线所围）的面积为（　　）。

论证有效性分析：分析下述论证中存在的缺陷和漏洞，选择若干要点，写一篇600字左右的文章，对该论证的有效性进行分析和评述。（论证有效性分析的一般要求是：概念特别是核心概念的界定和使用是否准确并前后一致，有无各种明显的逻辑错误，论证的论据是否成立并支持结论，结论成立的条件是否充分等。）现代企业管理制度的设计要遵循的重要原则是权力的制衡与监督，只要有了制衡与监督，企业的成功就有了保证。所谓的制衡，指对企业的管理权进行分解，然后使要分解的权力相互制约达到平衡，它可以使任何人不能滥用权力。至于监督，指对企业管理进行严密观察，使企业运营的各个环节处于可控范围之内，而且所有环节都在可控范围之内，那么企业的经营就不可能产生失误。同时以制衡与监督为原则所设计的企业管理制度还有一个固有特点，即能保证其实施者的有效性，因为环环相扣的监督机制能确保企业内部各级管理者无法敷衍塞责，万一有人敷衍塞责也会受到这一机制的制约。再者，由于制衡的核心是权力平衡，而企业管理的权力又是企业运营的动力与起点，因此权力平衡就可以使企业运营保持平衡。另外，从本质上来说，权力平衡就是权力平等，因此，这一观念本身蕴含平等的观念。平等观念一旦成为企业管理理念，必将促成企业内部和谐与稳定。由此可见，如果权力的制衡与监督这一管理原则付诸实践，就可以使企业运营避免失误，确保其管理制度的有效性。日常运营平衡了，促进内部的和谐与稳定，这样企业一定能够成功。

如图3-10，在四边形ABCD中，AB//CD，AB与CD的边长分别为4和8。若△ABE的面积为4，则四边形ABCD的面积为（　　）。

分析下面的论证在概念、论证方法、论据及结论等方面的有效性。600字左右。“经历了一段时间的会员人数减少之后，大地健美中心建了一个室内游泳池。由于会员人数不见增加，其他健美中心的经营者似乎应该采取另一方法——降低会员的费用而不是建立新的昂贵设施。”

如图3-12所示，梯形ABCD的上底与下底分别为5、7，E为AC和BD的交点，MN过点E且平行于AD，MN＝（　　）。

分析下面的论证在概念、论证方法、论据及结论等方面的有效性。600字左右。目前，国内约有一千家专业公关公司。去年，规模最大的十家本土公关公司的年营业收入平均增长了30%，而规模最大的十家外资公关公司的年营业收入平均增长了15%；本土公关公司的利润平均为20%，外资公司为15%。十大本土公关公司的平均雇员人数是十大外资公关公司的10%。可见，本土公关公司利润水平高、收益能力强、员工的工作效率高，具有明显的优势。中国公关协会最近的调查结果显示，去年，中国公关市场营业额比前年增长25%，达到了25亿元；而日本约为5亿美元，人均公关费用是中国的十多倍。由此推算，在不远的将来，平均每家公关公司就能有3000万元左右的营业收入。这意味着一大批本土公关公司将胜过外资公司，成为世界级的公关公司。